Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

The Eleventh and Twelfth Data Releases of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Final Data from SDSS-III

The third generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-III) took data from 2008 to 2014 using the original SDSS wide-field imager, the original and an upgraded multi-object fiber-fed optical spectrograph, a new near-infrared high-resolution spectrograph, and a novel optical interferometer. All of the data from SDSS-III are now made public. In particular, this paper describes Data Release 11 (DR11) including all data acquired through 2013 July, and Data Release 12 (DR12) adding data acquired through 2014 July (including all data included in previous data releases), marking the end of SDSS-III observing. Relative to our previous public release (DR10), DR12 adds one million new spectra of galaxies and quasars from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) over an additional 3000 deg2 of sky, more than triples the number of H-band spectra of stars as part of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE), and includes repeated accurate radial velocity measurements of 5500 stars from the Multi-object APO Radial Velocity Exoplanet Large-area Survey (MARVELS). The APOGEE outputs now include the measured abundances of 15 different elements for each star. In total, SDSS-III added 5200 deg2 of ugriz imaging; 155,520 spectra of 138,099 stars as part of the Sloan Exploration of Galactic Understanding and Evolution 2 (SEGUE-2) survey; 2,497,484 BOSS spectra of 1,372,737 galaxies, 294,512 quasars, and 247,216 stars over 9376 deg2; 618,080 APOGEE spectra of 156,593 stars; and 197,040 MARVELS spectra of 5513 stars. Since its first light in 1998, SDSS has imaged over 1/3 of the Celestial sphere in five bands and obtained over five million astronomical spectra. \ua9 2015. The American Astronomical Society

Materiais híbridos nanoestruturados sintetizados a partir da funcionalização de esmectitas para imobilização de espécies inorgânicas e orgânicas

Exportado OPUSMade available in DSpace on 2019-08-10T09:29:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 angela_fereira.pdf: 2541057 bytes, checksum: 852cedbcc1c2283c6e9c2fb64807e263 (MD5) Previous issue date: 30Este trabalho teve como objetivo a síntese de materiais híbridos nanoestruturados a partir da funcionalização de argilas smectitas com os grupos funcionais sulfidrila (SH) e amino (NH2) para aplicação em processos de adsorção. Foram utilizadas amostras de montmorilonita e de argila sintética, denominada laponita. Dentre as amostras de montmorilonita, foi utilizada uma americana comercial (cloisite-Na) e outra in natura da região de Campina Grande, Paraíba. As rotas de modificação propostas basearam-se na reação química entre as hidroxilas superficiais das argilas e os grupos hidrolisáveis dos silanos (3-mercaptopropil) trimetoxissilano e (3-aminopropil)trietoxissilano na presença de tolueno ou solução alcoólica sob refluxo. O presente trabalho demonstrou que as rotas de modificação propostas foram eficientes para imobilizar as moléculas de silano na estrutura das argilas, sendo que o grau de funcionalização variou com o tipo da argila, pré-tratamento ácido, o tipo de agente modificador e o tipo de solvente utilizado. Os resultados de caracterização indicaram que a estrutura original da argila não foi alterada após funcionalização. A funcionalização modificou a natureza da argila de altamente hidrofílica para hidrofóbica e organofílica. A quantidade de grupos mercaptopropil imobilizados foi de 1,76mmol/g, 1,45mmol/g e 1,2mmol/g para as amostras de montmorilonita brasileira, cloisite e laponita, respectivamente. Para o grupo aminopropil, foram determinados valores de 2,0mmol/g (cloisite) e 1,5mmol/g (laponita). Tanto a área superficial quanto o volume de poros foram significativamente reduzidos após a funcionalização. O acesso aos grupos funcionais imobilizados (SH) foi convenientemente determinado através do método de Volhard sendo que valores na faixa de 60%-70 % foram obtidos para as amostras de montmorilonita e de 100% para a amostra de laponita. Valores de acessibildade similares a estes foram obtidos para os grupos NH2 imobilizados. As amostras de montmorilonita funcionalizadas com SH apresentaram capacidade de adsorção para os Cd(II) e de Ag(I) superior comparada à argila natural (160% e 900% maiores). Este resultado sugere que para as argilas funcionalizadas predominou o mecanismo de complexação dos íons metálicos pelos grupos SH (adsorção específica) enquanto que para a argila natural predomina o mecanismo de troca catiônica (inespecífico). Os ensaios de adsorção demontraram uma maior afinidade da argila laponita modificada com grupos SH pela espécie As(III) do que As(V). A maior adsorção (22,3mg/g), e melhor seletividade foram obtidas em condições de pH em que predomina a espécie trivalente neutra (H3AsO3). O processo de modificação proposto permitiu a obtenção de material adsorvente com seletividade e especificidade controlada através da escolha adequada do grupo funcional do silano e com grande potencial para ser aplicado em processos de separação e pré-concentração.The present work was aimed at synthesizing nanostructured hybrid materials derived from the functionalization of smectite clays with ligands containing thiol (-SH) and amino (-NH2) groups for application in adsorption processes. Two montmorillonite samples (a commercialAmerican clay-Cloisite-Na and an in nature Brazilian clay from Campina Grande, PB) and one synthetic, commercial clay (Laponite) were investigated. The modification routes were based on the grafting reaction between hydroxyl groups present on clay surface and the hydrolyzable alkoxy group of the (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane or (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane in dry toluene or alcohol solution under reflux. The present work showed that the proposed modification routes were effective for the grafting of the thiol and amino groups in the clay structure. The functionalization degree varied according to the clay sample, acidpre-treatment, modifier type and dispersing media. A detailed characterization of the materials indicated that the functionalization does not modify the original structure of the clays but altered their original hydrophilic nature to hydrophobic. The smectite clays showedan immobilization capacity comparable to those reported for silica gel. The immobilization capacities of the mercaptopropyl groups were calculated as 1.76 mmol/g, 1.45 mmol/g and 1.2 mmol/g for the Brazilian clay, Cloisite and Laponite, respectively. With aminopropyl, theimmobilization capacities were determined as 2.0 mmol/g and 1.5 mmol/g for the Cloisite and Laponite samples, respectively. The specific surface areas and pore volumes of all clay samples decreased significantly upon grafting. The accessibility to the reactive SH groupswas successfully determined by using the Volhard method. It ranged from 60% to 75%,depending on the organic content, for the H-montmorillonite samples and to 100% for the SH-laponite sample. Similar values of accessibility were observed with the amino-modified clays. The thiol-functionalized montmorillonite samples showed average binding capacities 160% and 1100% higher, respectively, with respect to Cd(II) and Ag(I) to those obtained with the ungrafted material. These results support a mechanism of adsorption involving primarilyion complexation by the thiol groups (specific) instead of cation exchange (unspecific). Adsorption experiments have demonstrated the selectivity of a thiol-modified synthetic clay by As(III) species. The highest loading capacity (22.3 mg/g) and speciation has occurred at pH 4-5, where the trivalent species are present in its neutral form (H3AsO3). The proposedmodification processes are suggested for the preparation of novel adsorbent materials with controlled selectivity and specificity and therefore with good potential for separation and preconcentrationpurposes

Diasporic and Transnational Internationalization: The Case of Brazilian Martial Arts

Brazilian diasporas overseas hasreceived little academic interest. Nevertheless, estimates suggest that around three million Brazilians currently live in other countries. The present study looks at a specific type of diaspora: small entrepreneurs from the Brazilian martial arts sector. The study adopts the case study method of research. The unit of analysis is comprised by the martial arts (capoeira and Brazilian jiu-jitsu). Data analysis used secondary and primary data from interviews. Cross-case analysis searched for similarities and differences in the internationalization processes of the two martial arts, using several analytical devices, such as chronologies, timelines, matrices, and pattern matching analysis. Evidences suggest that the concept of diasporic internationalization fits better capoeira than Brazilian jiu-jitsu. However, Brazilian jiu-jitsu shows an initial combination of diasporic and transnational characteristics, but more recently became fully transnational. Brazilian jiu-jitsu became a truly global business, formally organized and professionally managed. Capoeira, however, is still seen as non-commercial and as the preservation and practice of an ancient art. Such ethos, combined with the origin of its members in lower economic classes and their restricted access to capital turns internationalization into an often less profitable activity

Software for classification of banana ripening stage using machine learning

Abstract: Pattern recognition aims to classify some datasets into specific classes or clusters, having several applications in agriculture. The objectification of the process minimizes errors since it reduces subjectivity, allowing a fairer remuneration to the producer and standardized products to the consumer. Thus,this work aimed to develop an embedded system with artificial intelligence to determine the ripening stage of bananas (outputs) from the insertion of physical (i.e., fruit weight, texture and diameter), physicochemical (i.e.,pH, titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids (SS) and SS/TA ratio) and biochemical (i.e., total sugars, phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid,quantification of pigments in fruit peel and pulp and antioxidant activity by DPPH and FRAP methods) data (inputs). The bananas were harvested at each evaluated stage according to the Von Loesecke ripening scale, as follows:stage 2, totally green; stage 4, more yellow than green; stage 6, yellow; and stage 7, yellow with brown spots. Subsequently, they were selected and submitted to quality analysis. The data obtained were then mined and the attributes were selected using WEKA software. The classifier software was developed using MATLAB. The most relevant attributes selected in the Bayes Net classifier for the Cross-Validation method were: apical, central, basal and mean textures (between apical, median and basal textures), pH, soluble solids, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activities by the FRAP and DPPH methods, vitamin C, anthocyanins from the pulp, chlorophyll a content in the fruit peel and sugar, resulting in a mean F-measure of 97.0%