Cobertura do solo em vinhedos modifica os atributos do solo e o estado nutricional das videiras

The cover crop intercropping in vineyards protects the soil from erosion and can be an alternative for controlling the growth of the vine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in the soil’s chemical properties, leaf composition and branch growth of Cabernet Sauvignon vine caused by the cover crops in the vineyard. The study was carried in an experiment conducted from 2009 in the highlands of Santa Catarina state, where the soil and climatic conditions favor the excessive growth of the vine. The treatments consisted of three types of cover crops, two management and a control. The cover crops were annual, buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), the perennial fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and the native (spontaneous), while the managements were mowed with the crop residue in total area and, with its transfer from the row to the between row of the vine. Samples of leaves and soil were carried out in “veraison” and at end of grape maturation stages, respectively. The cover crops and its management in general did not change the soil pH, or the exchangeable content of Al, Ca and Mg, but the annual did increase the available P content in the 0-5 cm layer compared to the control. The perennial in general did increase the extractable K content compared to the control in the 5-10 and 10-15 cm layers, and compared to the annual and native crops in all of the soil layers. The perennial reduced the leaf contents of P and K when compared to other treatments, the Mg leaf content was compared to the annual and decreased the N leaf content and the mass of branches when compared to the control treatment.O cultivo de cobertura verde em vinhedos protege o solo da erosão e ainda pode ser uma alternativa para o controle do vigor da videira. Assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a influência do cultivo de plantas de cobertura do solo de vinhedo nos atributos químicos do solo, na composição foliar e no crescimento de ramos da videira do cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon. As avalições foram realizadas na safra 2013/14, em experimento conduzido a partir de 2009 na região do Planalto Sul Catarinense, onde as condições edafoclimáticas favorecem o excesso de vigor da videira. Os tratamentos compreenderam três tipos de plantas, dois manejos e um controle. As plantas foram a sucessão de anuais, trigo mourisco (Fagopyrum esculentum) e azevém (Lolium multiflorum), a perene festuca (Festuca arundinacea) e as nativas (espontâneas) e os manejos foram roçada com o resíduo cultural distribuído em área total e, com a sua transferência da faixa da linha da videira para a faixa da entrelinha. O controle foi a aplicação de herbicida na faixa da linha e roçada na entrelinha. As amostragens das folhas e do solo foram realizadas nas fases de mudança de cor e de maturação plena da uva. As plantas de cobertura e seu manejo, em geral, não afetaram o pH, nem os teores de Al, Ca e Mg trocáveis no solo, porém as anuais aumentaram o P extraível na camada 0 - 5 cm relativamente à testemunha. Em geral, a espécie perene aumentou o K extraível relativamente à testemunha nas camadas 5-10 e 10-15 cm e relativamente às plantas anuais e nativas em todas as camadas. A festuca promoveu menor teor de Mg nas folhas da videira em relação às plantas anuais e menores teores de P e K relativamente aos demais tratamentos e também diminuiu o teor de N foliar e a massa de ramos da videira em relação à testemunha

Influência da adubação com dejeto suíno e adubo mineral adicionada de inibidor de nitrificação sobre a produtividade e a nutrição do milho

Swine production in Santa Catarina is remarkable because of both the large number of animals as well as the high volume of swine slurry (DLS) generated. The DLS has fertilizer value, but its excessive or improper use can pollute surface and groundwater as well as contribute to the emission of greenhouse gases. An experiment was carried out in the Santa Catarina plateau to evaluate the incorporation into the soil and the addition of nitrification inhibitor as ways to increase the efficiency of DLS and mineral fertilizer (NPK) as sources of nitrogen (N) and other nutrients for corn. The treatments were the DLS and NPK fertilizers, the presence and absence of dicyandiamide (DCD), a control and the surface (Sup) or incorporated (Inc) applications and were arranged in a randomized block design with split plots and four replicates. The incorporation of fertilizer increased the N content in leaves, shoot dry matter and grain yields and the accumulation of N and K in the dry matter and P in corn grain. The DCD in general did not affect grain yield, except in superficial application of the DLS where their presence increased the yield compared to its absence. The DLS and mineral NPK fertilizers have similar efficiency that increases with incorporation into the soil compared to the surface application.A suinocultura se destaca entre as atividades econômicas de Santa Catarina, tanto pelo número de animais criados, quanto pelo grande volume de dejeto líquido de suíno (DLS) que gera. O DLS possui valor fertilizante, porém seu uso excessivo ou inadequado pode poluir as águas superficiais e subterrâneas além de contribuir na emissão de gases do efeito estufa. Para avaliar a incorporação no solo e a adição de inibidor de nitrificação, como formas de aumentar a eficiência do DLS e de fertilizante mineral (NPK) como fontes de nitrogênio (N) e de outros nutrientes à cultura do milho, um experimento foi conduzido na região do Planalto de Santa Catarina. Os tratamentos compreenderam os fertilizantes DLS e NPK, a presença e ausência da dicianodiamida (DCD), testemunha e as formas de aplicação superficial (Sup) e incorporada (Inc) e foram organizados no delineamento blocos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. A incorporação dos fertilizantes aumentou o teor de N nas folhas, os rendimentos de fitomassa da parte aérea e de grãos e o acúmulo de N e K na fitomassa e de P nos grãos de milho. A DCD em geral não afetou o rendimento de grãos, exceto na aplicação superficial do DLS onde a sua presença aumentou o rendimento comparado à sua ausência. Os fertilizantes DLS e NPK mineral possuem eficiência semelhante que aumenta com a incorporação no solo comparada à aplicação em superfície

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Yield and quality of grape in vineyard intercropping with cover plants

The viniculture in Santa Catarina highlands is characterized by late harvest, compared to traditional Brazilian wine regions. However, the high availability of soil nitrogen coupled with the use of rootstock P-1103 generally promote excessive growth on the vines, which favors the incidence of diseases and decreases the grape quality. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of intercropping vines with different green cover crops on the nutritional status, vegetative vigor, yield and grape characteristics of the vine. The experiment was carried out in São Joaquim-SC in a place about 1130 m above sea level in a vineyard of Cabernet Sauvignon. The treatments were a control, where the weeds were been controlled by chemical drying in the row and cutting in inter rows of vines, a succession of annual species, oats (Avena sativa) and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), a perennial specie (Festuca arundinacea) and two management characterized by cutting with or without transfer the crop residue from the row to the inter rows. The experiment started in January 2009 when the vines were six year old and the evaluations were performed in 2011-12 and 2012-13 seasons. Both the succession of annual plants, as the perennial decreases the potassium content in vine leaves, and the last also reduces its magnesium content, but did not affect its content of phosphorus, calcium and boron. The succession of annual species generally do not interfere in the vigor of the vine, neither in their grape yield, however, the perennial fescue decreases the nitrogen content and the vigor of the vine and can decrease the grape yield. The annual species and the fescue generally increase the levels of total soluble solids of the grape. However, the treatments did not affected consistently the total acidity, but in the second season both plants decreased, the pH of the grape must. The fescue increased the anthocyanin content and annuals decreased the polyphenol content of the must in the first season, however, the fescue in both managements and annual plants without transfer increased the content of this component in the second season. The management of green cover crops with or without the transfer of its residues from the row to the inter rows spacing in general does not influence both the vines vigor and the yield and characteristics of the grape.A vitivinicultura na serra catarinense é favorecida pelo clima que permite a colheita tardia, em relação às regiões tradicionalmente produtoras no Brasil. Entretanto, a alta disponibilidade de nitrogênio do solo, aliada ao uso do porta enxerto P-1103 geralmente promovem vigor excessivo nas videiras, o que favorece a incidência de doenças e diminui a qualidade da uva. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a influência de plantas de cobertura e seu manejo, no estado nutricional, crescimento vegetativo, rendimento e na composição da uva de videira Cabernet Sauvignon em solos de altitude do sul do Brasil. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no município de São Joaquim-SC em Cambissolo Húmico Distrófico em altitude em tono de 1130m. Foram aplicados cinco tratamentos, sendo um Testemunha, onde as plantas espontâneas foram controladas por herbicida na linha e por roçada na entrelinha; uma sucessão de espécies anuais, trigo mourisco (Fagopyrum esculentum) e aveia branca (Avena sativa); uma espécie perene, festuca (Festuca arundinacea); e dois manejos, caracterizados por roçada com e sem transferência do resíduo cultural da linha para a entrelinha. O experimento foi iniciado em janeiro de 2009, quando as videiras estavam com seis anos de idade e as avaliações foram realizadas nas safras 2011-12 e 2012-13. Tanto a sucessão de plantas anuais, quanto a perene festuca, diminuem o teor de potássio, sendo que essa também diminui o teor de magnésio nas folhas da videira, porém não afetam os seus teores de fósforo, cálcio e boro. A sucessão de plantas anuais em geral não interfere no vigor, nem no rendimento de uva, entretanto, a festuca diminui o teor de nitrogênio foliar e o vigor vegetativo da videira e pode também diminuir o rendimento de uva. A sucessão de espécies anuais e a festuca em geral aumentam os teores de sólidos solúveis da uva. Porém, os tratamentos não afetaram de modo consistente o conteúdo de acidez titulável do mosto, embora na segunda safra ambas as plantas diminuíram o seu pH. A festuca aumentou o teor de antocianinas e as plantas anuais diminuíram o teor de polifenóis do mosto na primeira safra, porém, a festuca em ambos os manejos e as plantas anuais sem a transferência aumentaram o teor desse componente na segunda safra. O manejo das plantas de cobertura do solo, com ou sem a transferência dos resíduos culturais da linha à entrelinha, em geral não influencia no vigor da videira, no rendimento de uva e pão pouco nas características do seu mostoCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio

Frações lábeis e recalcitrantes da matéria orgânica em solos sob integração lavoura-pecuária

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o estoque de carbono orgânico total (COT) e nitrogênio total (NT), C e N nas frações lábeis e recalcitrantes da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) e o índice de manejo de C, em solos sob sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP), após quatro (ILP4) e oito anos (ILP8) de implantação. Para comparação, foram utilizados outros sistemas de manejo: pastagem e lavoura em plantio direto (PD), além de vegetação nativa. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições. A integração lavoura-pecuária, estabelecida num período de oito anos, é capaz de alcançar um novo estado estável equivalente ao sistema sob plantio direto com 23 anos de implantação. Houve acúmulo no estoque de C total de 101,0 (ILP8) e 104,2 Mg ha-1 (PD) e N total de 5,5 (ILP8) e 5,8 Mg ha-1 (PD), na camada 0-30 cm, bem como aumento no estoque de C e N nas frações lábeis e recalcitrantes da MOS. Para o ILP com oito anos, o índice de manejo de C de 88 foi superior ao dos demais sistemas de manejo e não diferiu da vegetação nativa na camada 0-10 cm, todavia, foi similar ao PD na análise de todo o perfil (0-30 cm)

Professores e Alunos: o engendramento da violência da escola

The school violence engendering is partially analyzed, considering the violence production in the school environment. This is a bibliographic research with quantitative and qualitative approach. Sources: 77 theses and 15 dissertations carried out in Brazil (2007 to 2012). Data collection and organization: Content Analysis. Main reference: Bernard Charlot and Pierre Bourdieu. Results: the sources showed that Brazilian teachers participate effectively in the school violence engendering, contributing to violence production in the school environment. The students are the main victims. The teacher is less affected by physical and verbal violence. The symbolic power is the most perpetrated by the teacher against the student. The school also plays a major role in it.Analisa-se o engendramento de uma face da violência da escola, tendo em vista a produção da violência em espaço escolar. Pesquisa bibliográfica quanti-qualitativa. Fontes: 77 dissertações e 15 teses produzidas no Brasil (2007 a 2012). Coleta e organização dos dados: Análise de Conteúdo. Fundamentação base: Bernard Charlot e Pierre Bourdieu. Resultados: as fontes apontaram que professores brasileiros são protagonistas na constituição da violência da escola, contribuindo para a produção da violência em espaço escolar. Os alunos são as principais vítimas dessa violência. O professor sofre menos violência física e verbal do que o aluno. A violência simbólica é a mais usada pelo professor contra o aluno. A escola também usa desse expediente

Respiratory support in patients with severe COVID-19 in the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection (ISARIC) COVID-19 study: a prospective, multinational, observational study

Background: Up to 30% of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 require advanced respiratory support, including high-flow nasal cannulas (HFNC), non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV), or invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, outcomes and risk factors for failing non-invasive respiratory support in patients treated with severe COVID-19 during the first two years of the pandemic in high-income countries (HICs) and low middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: This is a multinational, multicentre, prospective cohort study embedded in the ISARIC-WHO COVID-19 Clinical Characterisation Protocol. Patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who required hospital admission were recruited prospectively. Patients treated with HFNC, NIV, or IMV within the first 24 h of hospital admission were included in this study. Descriptive statistics, random forest, and logistic regression analyses were used to describe clinical characteristics and compare clinical outcomes among patients treated with the different types of advanced respiratory support. Results: A total of 66,565 patients were included in this study. Overall, 82.6% of patients were treated in HIC, and 40.6% were admitted to the hospital during the first pandemic wave. During the first 24 h after hospital admission, patients in HICs were more frequently treated with HFNC (48.0%), followed by NIV (38.6%) and IMV (13.4%). In contrast, patients admitted in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) were less frequently treated with HFNC (16.1%) and the majority received IMV (59.1%). The failure rate of non-invasive respiratory support (i.e. HFNC or NIV) was 15.5%, of which 71.2% were from HIC and 28.8% from LMIC. The variables most strongly associated with non-invasive ventilation failure, defined as progression to IMV, were high leukocyte counts at hospital admission (OR [95%CI]; 5.86 [4.83-7.10]), treatment in an LMIC (OR [95%CI]; 2.04 [1.97-2.11]), and tachypnoea at hospital admission (OR [95%CI]; 1.16 [1.14-1.18]). Patients who failed HFNC/NIV had a higher 28-day fatality ratio (OR [95%CI]; 1.27 [1.25-1.30]). Conclusions: In the present international cohort, the most frequently used advanced respiratory support was the HFNC. However, IMV was used more often in LMIC. Higher leucocyte count, tachypnoea, and treatment in LMIC were risk factors for HFNC/NIV failure. HFNC/NIV failure was related to worse clinical outcomes, such as 28-day mortality. Trial registration This is a prospective observational study; therefore, no health care interventions were applied to participants, and trial registration is not applicable