33 research outputs found
DESCRIPTION OF STUDENTS' CRITICAL THINKING ABILITY OF URBAN SCHOOL IN PHYSICS MATERIAL
Critical thinking skills must be applied to students to evaluate information in the future. This study aims to describe students' critical thinking abilities in several Jambi and Lankaran schools in temperature and heat. The research method is mixed with a sample of 248 students in Jambi and Lankaran schools. The instruments used to collect quantitative data were essay questions that would be distributed to students. In contrast, qualitative data were obtained from interviews and supported by documentation studies relevant to the research topic. To analyze the data is done with SPSS-assisted descriptive statistics. The results obtained show students' critical thinking skills are high. The limitation of this research is that it only looks at students' critical thinking skills on temperature and heat. So that further research can add variables so that the results can be compared in more depth
Effects of Dust Scattering in Expanding Spherical Nebulae
The mean intensity of planetary nebulae with an expanding atmosphere is
modeled by considering dusty and dust-free atmospheres. The bulk matter density
is determined from the adopted velocity field through the equation of
continuity. The gas is assumed to consist of hydrogen and helium and the
gas-to-dust mass ratio is taken to be . The Rayleigh phase
function is employed for atomic scattering while the full Mie theory of
scattering is incorporated for determining the dust scattering and absorption
cross-section as well as the phase function for the angular distribution of
photons after scattering. It is shown that in a dust free atmosphere, the mean
intensity increases with the increase in the expansion velocity that makes the
medium diluted. The mean intensity profile changes significantly when dust
scattering is incorporated. The increase in forward scattering of photons by
the dust particles yields into an increase in the mean intensity as compared to
that without dust. The mean intensity increases as the particle size is
increased. Thus it is shown that both the expansion of the medium and the
presence of dust play important role in determining the mean intensity of a
planetary nebulae.Comment: 18 pages, Elseveir style (cls file included), 5 postscript figures,
Accepted for publication in New Astronom
Possible evolution of dim radio quiet neutron star 1E 1207.4-5209 based on a B-decay model
Dim radio-quiet neutron star (DRQNS) 1E 1207.4-5209 is one of the most
heavily examined isolated neutron stars. Wide absorption lines were observed in
its spectrum obtained by both XMM-Newton and Chandra X-ray satellites. These
absorption lines can be interpreted as a principal frequency centered at 0.7
keV and its harmonics at 1.4, 2.1 and possibly 2.8 keV. The principal line can
be formed by resonant proton cyclotron scattering leading to a magnetic field
which is two orders of magnitude larger than the perpendicular component of the
surface dipole magnetic field (B) found from the rotation period (P) and the
time rate of change in the rotation period (\.{P}) of 1E 1207.4-5209. Besides,
age of the supernova remnant (SNR) G296.5+10.0 which is physically connected to
1E 1207.4-5209 is two orders of magnitude smaller than the characteristic age
(=P/2\.{P}) of the neutron star. These huge differences between the
magnetic field values and the ages can be explained based on a B-decay model.
If the decay is assumed to be exponential, the characteristic decay time turns
out to be several thousand years which is three orders of magnitude smaller
than the characteristic decay time of radio pulsars represented in an earlier
work. The lack of detection of radio emission from DRQNSs and the lack of point
sources and pulsar wind nebulae in most of the observed SNRs can also be partly
explained by such a very rapid exponential decay. The large difference between
the characteristic decay times of DRQNSs and radio pulsars must be related to
the differences in the magnetic fields, equation of states and masses of these
isolated neutron stars.Comment: 13 pages, 1 figur
The physical structure of the point-symmetric and quadrupolar planetary nebula NGC 6309
We analyse the point-symmetric planetary nebula NGC 6309 in terms of its
three-dimensional structure and of internal variations of the physical
conditions to deduce the physical processes involved in its formation. We used
VLA-D 3.6-cm continuum, ground-based, and HST-archive imaging as well as long
slit high- and low-dispersion spectroscopy. The low-dispersion spectra indicate
a high excitation nebula, with low to medium variations of its internal
physical conditions. In the optical images, the point-symmetric knots show a
lack of [NII] emission as compared with similar features previously known in
other PNe. A rich internal structure of the central region is seen in the HST
images, resembling a deformed torus. Long slit high-dispersion spectra reveal a
complex kinematics in the central region. The spectral line profiles from the
external regions of NGC 6309 indicate expanding lobes (~40 km/s) as those
generally found in bipolar nebulae. Finally, we have found evidence for the
presence of a faint halo, possibly related to the envelope of the AGB-star
progenitor. Our data indicate that NGC 6309 is a quadrupolar nebula with two
pairs of bipolar lobes whose axes are oriented PA=40 and PA=76. Equatorial and
polar velocities for these two pairs of lobes are 29 and 86 km/s for the
bipolar system at PA=40 and 25 and 75 km/s for the bipolar system at PA=76.
There is also a central torus that is expanding at 25 km/s. Kinematical age for
all these structures is around 3700 to 4000 yr. We conclude that NGC 6309 was
formed by a set of well-collimated bipolar outflows (jets), which were ejected
in the initial stages of its formation as a planetary nebula. These jets carved
the bipolar lobes in the previous AGB wind and their remnants are now observed
as the point-symmetric knots tracing the edges of the lobes.Comment: To be published in Astronomy & Astrophysics; 11 pages, 8 figures, 4
table
The Mid-Infrared Colours of Galactic Bulge, Disk and Magellanic Planetary Nebulae
We present mid-infrared (MIR) photometry for 367 Galactic disk, bulge and
Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) planetary nebulae, determined using GLIMPSE II and
SAGE data acquired using the Spitzer Space Telescope. This has permitted us to
make a comparison between the luminosity functions of bulge and LMC planetary
nebulae, and between the MIR colours of all three categories of source. It is
determined that whilst the 3.6 microns luminosity function of the LMC and bulge
sources are likely to be closely similar, the [3.6]-[5.8] and [5.8]-[8-0]
indices of LMC nebulae are different from those of their disk and bulge
counterparts. This may arise because of enhanced 6.2 microns PAH emission
within the LMC sources, and/or as a result of differences between the spectra
of LMC PNe and those of their Galactic counterparts. We also determine that the
more evolved disk sources listed in the MASH catalogues of Parker et al. and
Miszalski et al. (2008) have similar colours to those of the less evolved (and
higher surface brightness) sources in the catalogue of Acker et al. (1992); a
result which appears at variance with previous studies of these sources.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures, Publicated in MNRAS. 58 pages in arXi
3-D ionization structure (in stereoscopic view) of Planetary Nebulae: the case of NGC 1501
Long-slit echellograms of the high excitation planetary nebula NGC1501,
reduced according to the methodology developed by Sabbadin et al. (2000a, b),
allowed us to obtain the ``true'' distribution of the ionized gas in the eight
nebular slices covered by the spectroscopic slit. A 3-D rendering procedure is
described and applied, which assembles the tomographic maps and rebuilds the
spatial structure. The images of NGC 1501, as seen in 12 directions separated
by 15 deg, form a series of stereoscopic pairs giving surprising 3-D views in
as many directions. The main nebula consists of an almost oblate ellipsoid of
moderate ellipticity (a=44 arcsec, a/b=1.02, a/c=1.11), brighter in the
equatorial belt, deformed by several bumps, and embedded in a quite
homogeneous, inwards extended cocoon. Some reliability tests are applied to the
rebuilt nebula; the radial matter profile, the small scale density fluctuations
and the 2-D (morphology) - 3-D (structure) correlation are presented and
analysed. The wide applications of the 3-D reconstruction to the morphology,
physical conditions, ionization parameters and evolutionary status of expanding
nebulae in general (planetary nebulae, nova and supernova remnants, shells
around Population I Wolf-Rayet stars, nebulae ejected by symbiotic stars,
bubbles surrounding early spectral type main sequence stars etc.) are
introduced.Comment: 12 pages + 11 (gif) figures. Accepted for publication in A&A. A
postscript file with figs. can be retrieved at
http://panoramix.pd.astro.it/~sabbadi
The collimated outflows of the planetary nebula Hu1-2: proper motion and radial velocity measurements
Hu\,1-2 is a planetary nebula that contains an isolated knot located
northwestern of the main nebula, which could be related to a collimated
outflow. We present a subsarcsecond H+[N\,{\sc ii}] image and a
high-resolution, long-slit spectrum of Hu\,1-2 that allow us to identify the
southeastern counterpart of the northwestern knot and to establish their high
velocity ( 340 km\,s), collimated bipolar outflow nature. The
detection of the northwestern knot in POSS red plates allows us to carry out a
proper motion analysis by combining three POSS red plates and two narrow-band
H+[N\,{\sc ii}] CCD images, with a time baseline of 57 yr. A
proper motion of 20 6\,mas\,yr along position angle 312
15, and a dynamical age of 1375\llap{}\,yr
are obtained for the bipolar outflow. The measured proper motion and the
spatio-kinematical properties of the bipolar outflow yield a lower limit of
2.7\,kpc for the distance to Hu\,1-2.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures; accepted for publication in MNRA
Description of the Scenario Machine
We present here an updated description of the "Scenario Machine" code. This
tool is used to carry out a population synthesis of binary stars. Previous
version of the description can be found at
http://xray.sai.msu.ru/~mystery//articles/review/contents.htmlComment: 32 pages, 3 figures. Corrected typo