Climate control of terrestrial carbon exchange across biomes and continents

Peer reviewe

Modelling Translation Initiation under the Influence of sRNA

Bacterial small non-coding RNA (sRNA) plays an important role in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Although the number of annotated sRNA is steadily increasing, their functional characterization is still lagging behind. Various computational strategies for finding sRNA–mRNA interactions, and thus putative sRNA targets, were developed. Most of them suffer from a high false positive rate. Here, we present a qualitative model to simulate the effect of an sRNA on the translation initiation of a potential target. Information about the ribosome–mRNA interaction, sRNA–mRNA interaction and expression information from deep sequencing experiments is integrated to calculate the change in translation initiation complex formation, as a proxy for translational activity. This model can be used to post-evaluate predicted targets, hence condensing the list of potential targets. We show that our translation initiation model, under the influence of an sRNA, can successfully simulate thirteen out of fifteen tested sRNA–mRNA interactions in a qualitative manner. To show the gain in specificity, we applied our method to a target search for the Escherichia coli sRNA RyhB. Compared with simple target prediction without post-evaluation, we reduce the number of targets to less than one fourth potential targets, considerably reducing the burden of experimental validation

Als Der Durchlauchtigste Fürst und Herr/ Herr Wilhelm Ernst/ Herzog zu Sachsen/ Jülich/ Cleve und Berg/ ... Den 18. Octobr. 1698. seinen ... Geburths-Tag/ ... erlebet hatte/ Wolte seine ... Schuldigkeit/ ... in diesem wenigen Zeilen in ... Devotion an Tag legen/ Johann Christoph Amman/ der H. Schrifft Befl.

ALS DER DURCHLAUCHTIGSTE FÜRST UND HERR/ HERR WILHELM ERNST/ HERZOG ZU SACHSEN/ JÜLICH/ CLEVE UND BERG/ ... DEN 18. OCTOBR. 1698. SEINEN ... GEBURTHS-TAG/ ... ERLEBET HATTE/ WOLTE SEINE ... SCHULDIGKEIT/ ... IN DIESEM WENIGEN ZEILEN IN ... DEVOTION AN TAG LEGEN/ JOHANN CHRISTOPH AMMAN/ DER H. SCHRIFFT BEFL. Als Der Durchlauchtigste Fürst und Herr/ Herr Wilhelm Ernst/ Herzog zu Sachsen/ Jülich/ Cleve und Berg/ ... Den 18. Octobr. 1698. seinen ... Geburths-Tag/ ... erlebet hatte/ Wolte seine ... Schuldigkeit/ ... in diesem wenigen Zeilen in ... Devotion an Tag legen/ Johann Christoph Amman/ der H. Schrifft Befl. ( - ) Einband ( - ) Titelseite ([1]) Text ([2]

The energy balance over land and oceans: an assessment based on direct observations and CMIP5 climate models

The energy budgets over land and oceans are still afflicted with considerable uncertainties, despite their key importance for terrestrial and maritime climates. We evaluate these budgets as represented in 43 CMIP5 climate models with direct observations from both surface and space and identify substantial biases, particularly in the surface fluxes of downward solar and thermal radiation. These flux biases in the various models are then linearly related to their respective land and ocean means to infer best estimates for present day downward solar and thermal radiation over land and oceans. Over land, where most direct observations are available to constrain the surface fluxes, we obtain 184 and 306 Wm−2 for solar and thermal downward radiation, respectively. Over oceans, with weaker observational constraints, corresponding estimates are around 185 and 356 Wm−2. Considering additionally surface albedo and emissivity, we infer a surface absorbed solar and net thermal radiation of 136 and −66 Wm−2 over land, and 170 and −53 Wm−2 over oceans, respectively. The surface net radiation is thus estimated at 70 Wm−2 over land and 117 Wm−2 over oceans, which may impose additional constraints on the poorly known sensible/latent heat flux magnitudes, estimated here near 32/38 Wm−2 over land, and 16/100 Wm−2 over oceans. Estimated uncertainties are on the order of 10 and 5 Wm−2 for most surface and TOA fluxes, respectively. By combining these surface budgets with satellite-determined TOA budgets we quantify the atmospheric energy budgets as residuals (including ocean to land transports), and revisit the global mean energy balance

Modelling Translation Initiation under the Influence of sRNA

Bacterial small non-coding RNA (sRNA) plays an important role in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Although the number of annotated sRNA is steadily increasing, their functional characterization is still lagging behind. Various computational strategies for finding sRNA–mRNA interactions, and thus putative sRNA targets, were developed. Most of them suffer from a high false positive rate. Here, we present a qualitative model to simulate the effect of an sRNA on the translation initiation of a potential target. Information about the ribosome–mRNA interaction, sRNA–mRNA interaction and expression information from deep sequencing experiments is integrated to calculate the change in translation initiation complex formation, as a proxy for translational activity. This model can be used to post-evaluate predicted targets, hence condensing the list of potential targets. We show that our translation initiation model, under the influence of an sRNA, can successfully simulate thirteen out of fifteen tested sRNA–mRNA interactions in a qualitative manner. To show the gain in specificity, we applied our method to a target search for the Escherichia coli sRNA RyhB. Compared with simple target prediction without post-evaluation, we reduce the number of targets to less than one fourth potential targets, considerably reducing the burden of experimental validation.© 2012 by the author