Global patterns, trends, and drivers of water use efficiency from 2000 to 2013

Water use efficiency (WUE; gross primary production [GPP]/evapotranspiration [ET]) estimates the tradeoff between carbon gain and water loss during photosynthesis and is an important link of the carbon and water cycles. Understanding the spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of WUE is helpful for projecting the responses of ecosystems to climate change. Here we examine the spatiotemporal patterns, trends, and drivers of WUE at the global scale from 2000 to 2013 using the gridded GPP and ET data derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Our results show that the global WUE has an average value of 1.70 g C/kg H2O with large spatial variability during the 14-year period. WUE exhibits large variability with latitude. WUE also varies much with elevation: it first remains relatively constant as the elevation varies from 0 to 1000 m and then decreases dramatically. WUE generally increases as precipitation and specific humidity increase; whereas it decreases after reaching maxima as temperature and solar radiation increases. In most land areas, the temporal trend of WUE is positively correlated with precipitation and specific humidity over the 14-year period; while it has a negative relationship with temperature and solar radiation related to global warming and dimming. On average, WUE shows an increasing trend of 0.0025 g C·kg−1 H2O·yr−1 globally. Our global-scale assessment of WUE has implications for improving our understanding of the linkages between the water and carbon cycles and for better projecting the responses of ecosystems to climate change

Remarks on T-duality for open strings

This contribution gives in sigma-model language a short review of recent work on T-duality for open strings in the presence of abelian or non-abelian gauge fields. Furthermore, it adds a critical discussion of the relation between RG beta-functions and the Born-Infeld action in the case of a string coupled to a D-brane.Comment: 7 pages, LATEX, requires esprc2.sty (included in uu-file

On T-duality for open strings in general abelian and nonabelian gauge field backgrounds

We discuss T-duality for open strings in general background fields both in the functional integral formulation as well as in the language of canonical transformations. The Dirichlet boundary condition in the dual theory has to be treated as a constraint on the functional integration. Furthermore, we give meaning to the notion of matrix valued string end point position in the presence of nonabelian gauge field background.Comment: 10 pages, Latex, an inconsistency of the notation in section 3 is removed, 2 references adde

Static Quark Potential from the Polyakov Sum over Surfaces

Using the Polyakov string ansatz for the rectangular Wilson loop we calculate the static potential in the semiclassical approximation. Our results lead to a well defined sum over surfaces in the range $1<d<25$.Comment: 17 pages, (with a TeX error on the title page corrected - nothing else changed

The Multivalued Free-Field Maps of Liouville and Toda Gravities

Liouville and Toda gravity theories with non-vanishing interaction potentials have spectra obtained by dividing the free-field spectra for these cases by the Weyl group of the corresponding $A_1$ or $A_2$ Lie algebra. We study the canonical transformations between interacting and free fields using the technique of intertwining operators, giving explicit constructions for the wavefunctions and showing that they are invariant under the corresponding Weyl groups. These explicit constructions also permit a detailed analysis of the operator-state maps and of the nature of the Seiberg bounds.Comment: 47 pages, plain Tex, 5 Postscript figures, uses epsf.tex. Repackaging to permit Postscript generation, no changes to pape

Plan de marketing mix ampliado para incrementar las ventas del Restaurante Doña Fefita de Trujillo en el año 2017

Esta investigación se desarrolló con el objetivo de determinar si el Plan de Marketing Mix Ampliado permite incrementar significativamente las ventas en el Restaurante “Doña Fefita” de Trujillo en el año 2017. Es una investigación cuasi-experimental de un solo grupo con observación antes y después de aplicar el plan de Marketing Mix Ampliado; se tomó como muestra a pensionistas y clientes esporádicos, del restaurante Doña Fefita, Trujillo-2017; se ha empleado un cuestionario para recoger los datos de las variable en estudio; la información se procesó en Excel y el software estadístico de ciencias sociales SPSS V23. Los resultados de la investigación se presentan en tablas, figuras estadísticas y textos. El resultado estadístico calculado mediante la prueba de Wilcoxon para muestras relacionadas (pre test y pos test) es Sig. (Bilateral) 0,000, con una confianza del 95%, y Sig. P= 0.000< 0.05. Esto significa que el plan de marketing mix ampliado permite incrementar significativamente las ventas en el Restaurante “Doña Fefita” de Trujillo en el año 2017. En consecuencia se acepta la hipótesis de investigación Hi. Los niveles de las ventas en el pre test de la variable ventas tienen un nivel medio con un 70% y en el post test de la variable ventas tienen un nivel alto con un 76%. esta investigación resulta de suma relevancia puesto que aporta nuevas miradas sobre la importancia del marketing, dado que definitivamente este tiene un impacto positivo en las ventas a la hora de promocionar un producto y como resultado final, mejorar las ventas de dicho producto. Con la ayuda de un plan de marketing es posible recoger todos los estudios de mercado realizados por la empresa, los objetivos de marketing a conseguir, las estrategias a implementar y la planificación a seguir; teniendo la posibilidad de llegar a nuevos públicos e identificar el comportamiento de los compradores, lo que permitirá calibrar las estrategias de marketing y de ventas para optimizar las ventajas competitivas a la hora de promocionar los productos y de ésta forma ofrecer al cliente lo que busca de forma efectiva.This investigation developed with the aim to determine if the Marketing plan Extended Mix allows to increase significantly the sales in the Restaurant ""Dona Fefita"" of Trujillo in the year 2017. It is a quasi-experimental investigation of an alone group with observation before and after the marketing plan applies Extended Mix; One took pensioners and sporadic clients as a sample, of the restaurant Dona Fefita, Trujillo 2017; a questionnaire has been used to gather the information of variable in study; the information was processed in Excel and the statistical software of social sciences SPSS V23. The results of the investigation appear in tables, statistical figures and texts. The statistical result calculated by means of Wilcoxon's test for related samples (pretest and pos test) is Sig. (Bilateral) 0,000, with a confidence of 95 %, and Sig. P = 0.000 0.05. This means that the marketing plan extended mix allows to increase significantly the sales in the Restaurant ""Dona Fefita"" of Trujillo in the year 2017. In consequence there is accepted the hypothesis of investigation. The levels of the sales in the pretest of the variable sales have an average level with 70 % and in the post test of the variable sales have a high level with 76 %. This investigation ensues from supreme relevancy since it contributes new looks on the importance of the marketing, provided that definitively this one has a positive impact in the sales at the moment of promoting a product and as final result, improving the sales of the above mentioned product. With the help of a marketing plan it is possible to gather all the market researches realized by the company, the aims of marketing to obtaining, the strategies to helping and the planning to continuing; having the possibility of coming to new public and of identifying the behavior of the buyers, which will allow to calibrate the strategies of marketing and of sales to optimize the competitive advantages at the moment of promoting the products and of this one it forms to offer the client what searches of effective form.Tesi

Epidemiological studies on dengue virus type 3 in Playa municipality, Havana, Cuba, 2001–2002

SummaryObjectivesRecognizing the uniqueness of secondary dengue virus (DENV)-1/3 dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS) cases at an interval of 24 years, we sought to estimate DENV infections as well as the ratios between mild disease and DHF/DSS by DENV infection sequence in Playa District (Havana, Cuba) during the 2001–2002 outbreak of dengue virus type 3 (DENV-3).MethodsA retrospective seroepidemiological study was conducted in 2003 in Playa District. Blood samples were collected from a 1% random sample of residents and were studied for the prevalence of dengue neutralizing antibodies.ResultsDENV-3 was found to have infected 7.2% (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 6.0–8.4%) of susceptible individuals (the entire cohort), the majority of whom experienced silent infections. Virtually every individual who had a secondary infection in the sequence DENV-1 then DENV-3 became ill, with a ratio of severe to mild cases of 1:35 (95% CI 1:67–1:23). Secondary infections in the sequence DENV-2/3 were less pathogenic than DENV-1/3. Mild disease accompanying secondary DENV2/3 occurred at a ratio of 1:4.49 infections (95% CI 1:5.77–1:3.42) secondary infections.ConclusionsThe results obtained highlight the role of the infecting serotype and also the sequence of the viral infection in the clinical outcome of a dengue infection

Spectrum Generating Algebra and No-Ghost Theorem for Fermionic Massive String

The covariant operator quantization of the ordinary free spinning BDH string modified by adding the supersymmetric Liouville sector is analysed in the even target space dimensions $d=2,4,6,8$. The spectrum generating algebra for this model is constructed and a general version of the no-ghost theorem is proven. A counterpart of the GSO projection leads to a family of tachyon free unitary free string theories. One of these models is equivalent to the non-critical Rammond-Neveu-Schwarz spinning string truncated in the Neveu-Schwarz sector to the tachyon free eigenspace of the fermion parity operator.Comment: 17 page

Genome scanning of behavioral selection in a canine olfactory detection breeding cohort

Research on working dogs is growing rapidly due to increasing global demand. Here we report genome scanning of the risk of puppies being eliminated for behavioral reasons prior to entering the training phase of the US Transportation Security Administration\u27s (TSA) canine olfactory detection breeding and training program through 2013. Elimination of dogs for behavioral rather than medical reasons was based on evaluations at three, six, nine and twelve months after birth. Throughout that period, the fostered dogs underwent standardized behavioral tests at TSA facilities, and, for a subset of tests, dogs were tested in four different environments. Using methods developed for family studies, we performed a case-control genome wide association study (GWAS) of elimination due to behavioral observation and testing results in a cohort of 528 Labrador Retrievers (2002-2013). We accounted for relatedness by including the pedigree as a covariate and maximized power by including individuals with phenotype, but not genotype, data (approximately half of this cohort). We determined genome wide significance based on Bonferroni adjustment of two quasi-likelihood score tests optimized for either small or nearly-fully penetrant effect sizes. Six loci were significant and five suggestive, with approximately equal numbers of loci for the two tests and frequencies of loci with single versus multiple mapped markers. Several loci implicate a single gene, including CHD2, NRG3 and PDE1A which have strong relevance to behavior in humans and other species. We briefly discuss how expanded studies of canine breeding programs could advance understanding of learning and performance in the mammalian life course. Although human interactions and other environmental conditions will remain critical, our findings suggest genomic breeding selection could help improve working dog populations