Comparative antibacterial effects of essential oils of Melissa officinalis and Deracocephalum moldavica L. against some pathogenic bacteria in food in vitro

زمینه و هدف: استفاده از نگهدارنده‌های شیمیایی و مضرات آنها، سبب شده که تولید کنندگان مواد غذایی اخیرا گرایش به استفاده از نگهدارنده‌های طبیعی در مواد غذایی پیدا کنند. اسانس‌های گیاهی که همان روغن‌های فرار (volatile oils) می باشند، روغن‌های مایع و معطر گیاهان اند. گیاهان معطر حاوی اسانس هایی با خواص ضد میکروبی هستند. در این مطالعه اثرات ضدباکتریایی اسانس‌های بادرنجبویه (Melissa officinalis) و بادرشبو (Dracocephalum moldavica) علیه 4 باکتری بیماریزای مواد غذایی در شرایط آزمایشگاهی بررسی شد. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی پس از تهیه باکتری های مورد بررسی، با روش انتشار بر روی دیسک قطر هاله ممانعت از رشد و با روش میکرودایلوشن حداقل غلظت ممانعت از رشد و حداقل غلظت کشندگی برای هر دو اسانس بادرنجبویه و بادرشبو تعیین شد و جهت مقایسه نتایج از نرم افزار SPSS با آزمون T test استفاده گردید و سطح اختلاف معنی دار کمتر از 0/05 انتخاب شد(P< 0/05). یافته ها: نتایج این مطالعه بیانگر تاثیر ضد میکروبی قوی دو اسانس فوق روی این باکتری ها بود. باکتری استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس با حداقل غلظت ممانعت کنندگی mg/mL 1/2 (برای هر دو اسانس) حساس‌ترین باکتری در مقابل اسانس‌های بادرنجبویه و بادرشبو بود. در این میان اسانس بادرنجبویه اثرات ضد باکتریایی قوی‌تری علیه باکتری‌های مورد آزمایش در مقایسه با اسانس بادرشبو داشت. نتیجه گیری: نتایج حاصل بیانگر توان مهارکنندگی و ضد باکتریایی اسانس های بادرنجبویه و بادرشبو علیه این میکروارگانیسم های بیماریزا می باشد که می تواند بعنوان یک ماده ضد میکروبی گیاهی، جایگزینی مناسب برای ترکیبات شیمیایی ضد باکتری باشد و در صنایع غذایی و داروسازی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد

Экологический мониторинг почв Муганской степи Азербайджана

Soil-ecological monitoring is a scientific information system for monitoring changes in soil cover, assessing the state of soils, and predicting the impact of natural and anthropogenic factors on them. This monitoring shows the results of undesirable regional and global changes in soil cover and landscape and anthropogenic changes over time. Therefore it is important to study the change in the state of land used for crops in the Mugan Desert, where intensive farming is used and to make timely proposals to resolve these changes. The Mugan Desert is located in the southeastern part of the Kura-Araz lowland. The total area of the Mugan Desert is 455,332.5 ha. The main soils are gray-brown, sierozem-meadow, meadow-sierozem, bog-meadow, and alluvial-meadow soils, which are occupied by crops. These soils were the objects of study of the authors. Soil-ecological monitoring was carried out according to the method of G.V. Dobrovolsky and other scientists. Laboratory analyzes, which were taken from soil samples, were carried out according to generally accepted methods. The authors also collected and processed soil data from stock and literary materials of the period from 1980 to 1985 and the present. The authors found that in three of the four studied soil types over 40 years, an increase in crop-producing power was observed in one - it decreased. The content of humus in gray-brown soils increased by 0.20%, meadow-sierozem - by 0.14%, sierozem-meadow - by 0.12%, and in alluvial-meadow soils the content of humus decreased by 0.17%, nitrogen - by 0.02%, phosphorus - by 0.02%. Based on the analysis, the authors compiled a soil salinity map of the Mugan steppe (M 1: 100,000) and determined that alluvial-meadow soils were mainly subjected to low salinity (+0.19%), gray-brown - medium (+0.29%), meadow-sierozem (+0.67%) and sierozem-meadow soils (+0.44%) - to strong salinity. As a result of comparing our data on soil salinity in the study area with the data of G.Sh. Mamedov (2000), the authors found that the area of saline lands in the Mugan Desert increased from 33.9% to 66.1%, of which the area of weakly saline soils decreased from 24.24% to 10.58%, of moderately saline soils increased from 9.68% to 15.6, and highly saline also increased from 5.33% to 36.4%.Почвенно-экологический мониторинг как научная информационная система контроля изменений почвенного покрова, оценки состояния почв и прогнозирования воздействия на него природных и антропогенных факторов показывает результаты нежелательных региональных и глобальных изменений почвенного покрова и ландшафта, антропогенных изменений во времени. В связи с этим важно изучить изменение состояния земель, используемых под сельскохозяйственными культурами на Муганской равнине, где применяется интенсивное земледелие, и своевременно внести предложения по урегулированию этих изменений. Муганская равнина расположена в юго-восточной части Кура-Аразской низменности, общая площадь которой составляет 455332,5 га. Основными почвами исследуемой территории, занятыми под сельскохозяйственными культурами, являются серо-коричневые, сероземно-луговые, лугово-сероземные, болотно-луговые и аллювиально-луговые. Почвенно-экологический мониторинг проводился по методике Г.В. Добровольского и других ученых, лабораторные анализы взятых почвенных образцов проводились по общепринятым методикам, а также были собраны и обработаны почвенные данные из фондовых и литературных материалов периода 1980–1985 гг. и нынешнего времени. Установлено, что в трех из четырех исследованных типов почв за 40-летний период наблюдалось увеличение плодородия, в одном – его снижение. Содержание гумуса в серо-коричневых почвах увеличилось на 0,20%, лугово-сероземных – на 0,14, сероземно-луговых – на 0,12, а в аллювиально-луговых почвах содержание гумуса уменьшилось на 0,17%, азота – на 0,02, фосфора – на 0,02%. На основе анализа составленной нами карты засоления почв Муганской степи (М 1 : 100000) определено, что аллювиально-луговые почвы в основном подверглись слабому засолению (+0,19%), серо-коричневые – среднему (+0,29%), лугово-сероземные (+0,67%) и сероземно-луговые почвы (+0,44%) – сильному засолению. В результате сравнения собственных данных по засолению почв исследуемой территории с данными Г.Ш. Мамедова (2000 г.) установлено, что площадь засоленных земель на Муганской равнине увеличилась с 33,9 до 66,1%, из них площадь слабозасоленных почв – с 24,24 до 10,58, среднезасоленных – с 9,68 до 15,6, а сильнозасоленных – с 5,33 до 36,4%

Does Pethidine Hydrochloride Analgesia in Patients with Acute Appendicitis Alter the Diagnostic Accuracy of Clinical Evaluation: a Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial

Background: Prevalence of cancers associated with the use of oral tobacco (OT) is rising very rapidly and prevention of use is the best option to tackle this scenario. This cross-sectional study estimated the proportion of OT use and predictors associated with its initiation and determined the knowledge, attitude A total of 354 students (15-30 years age) in five colleges were interviewed by medical students and completed a peer reviewed, pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire. Chi square test and logistic regression analyses were applied to the results.Method: Thirty nine (11.0%) students were lifetime users of smokeless tobacco among which nineteen (5.4%) were occasional users, seven (2.0%) were current users and thirteen (3.6%) fulfilled the criterion for established users. Paan was the most commonly used form of smokeless tobacco followed by Nass. On univariate analysis, lifetime use of smokeless tobacco showed significant associations with the use of cigarettes, student gender (M > F), individual condition (native > guest) and kind of the College (Engineering > Psychology).Results: Although pain scores significantly reduced in pethidine group and there was a significant difference between the pethidine and placebo groups (p<0.05). Pethidine administration did not alter the physical signs, delay time to surgery, or diagnostic accuracy.Conclusion: According to the result of the study, use of pethidine does not affect the accuracy and time of surgical diagnosis and can effectively reduce the pain among patients with acute abdominal pain due to appendicitis.Copyright©2012 Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. All rights reserved

Five insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a rules-based synthesis of the available evidence on levels and trends in health outcomes, a diverse set of risk factors, and health system responses. GBD 2019 covered 204 countries and territories, as well as first administrative level disaggregations for 22 countries, from 1990 to 2019. Because GBD is highly standardised and comprehensive, spanning both fatal and non-fatal outcomes, and uses a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of hierarchical disease and injury causes, the study provides a powerful basis for detailed and broad insights on global health trends and emerging challenges. GBD 2019 incorporates data from 281 586 sources and provides more than 3.5 billion estimates of health outcome and health system measures of interest for global, national, and subnational policy dialogue. All GBD estimates are publicly available and adhere to the Guidelines on Accurate and Transparent Health Estimate Reporting. From this vast amount of information, five key insights that are important for health, social, and economic development strategies have been distilled. These insights are subject to the many limitations outlined in each of the component GBD capstone papers.Peer reviewe

Palynostratigraphy and Environments of Formation of Maykop Suite of Shemakha-Gobustan Region of Azerbaijan

По разрезам Шамаха-Гобустанской области выделены палинокомплексы для отдельных ярусов майкопской свиты, определяющие условия их формирования. Все палинокомплексы характеризуются сочетанием «полтавской» паратропической эоценовой флоры с элементами вечнозеленой средиземноморской и умеренной листопадной флоры «тургайского» типа, существовавшими в условиях влажного субтропического типа климата со среднезимними температурами в предгорье не ниже 15С. Палинокомплексы среднего слоя хаттского яруса отличаются высоким содержанием пыльцы теплоумеренной и умеренной флоры, по сравнению с остальными олигоценовыми комплексами, что соответствует снижению среднегодовых температур. В начале раннего миоцена (кавказский век) климатические условия стабилизируются с сохранением в составе растительности листопадной умеренной флоры.The palynocomplexes of individual Stages of the Maykop Suit, indicating their formation environments, were received from the geological sections of Shamakh-Gobustan region. All the palynocomplexes are characterized by combination of "Poltava" paratropical Eocene flora and elements of evergreen Mediterranean, and temperate deciduous "Turgay" type flora, existed in the humid subtropical climate with the average winter temperatures in the foothills not less than 15° C. Comparing to other Oligocene complexes, palynocomplexes of middle layer of the Hutt Stage are characterized by high content of warm-temperate and temperate flora pollen, which existence indicates the decrease of average annual temperatures. At the beginning of the Early Miocene (Caucasian century), climatic conditions were stabilized preserving a deciduous temperate flora in the vegetation structure