La investigación cualitativa en el fenómeno de las drogas: el caso del programa regional de capacitación en investigación para enfermeros en el estudio del fenómeno de las drogas en América Latina

El propósito fue presentar la trayectoria de la investigación cualitativa desarrollada en el Programa Regional de Capacitación en Investigación para Enfermeros en el Estudio del Fenómeno de las Drogas en América Latina. Se revisaron 35 artículos publicados en la Revista Latinoamericana de Enfermería en el periodo 2004-2008. Los estudios analizados proporcionan bases para desarrollar actividades de promoción de salud y diseño de políticas públicas sectoriales

Thermodynamic modelling of metamorphic processes: state of the art in pseudosection approach

Understanding global-scale orogenic processes related to supercontinents, and their relationship to the secular evolution of the Earth's lithosphere, represent important challenges for Earth scientists today. The record of these processes is preserved in the microstructures, mineral assemblages and mineral compositions of lithospheric rocks exhumed to the Earth's surface. Given a well-characterized microstructural evolution, thermodynamic modelling is the key to quantifying changes in pressure and temperature, with the rate of these changes being provided by rock-forming and accessory mineral-based geochronology. Thus, metamorphic rocks provide Pressure–Temperature–time–deformation (P–T–t–d) data that help to parameterize orogenic processes

Thermodynamic modelling of metamorphic processes: state of the art in pseudosection approach

Understanding global-scale orogenic processes related to supercontinents, and their relationship to the secular evolution of the Earth’s lithosphere, represent important challenges for Earth scientists today. The record of these processes is preserved in the microstructures, mineral assemblages and mineral compositions of lithospheric rocks exhumed to the Earth’s surface. Given a well-characterized microstructural evolution, thermodynamic modelling is the key to quantifying changes in pressure and temperature, with the rate of these changes being provided by rock-forming and accessory mineral-based geochronology. Thus, metamorphic rocks provide Pressure– Temperature–time–deformation (P–T–t–d) data that help to parameterize orogenic processes

Estudio petrológico y termobarométrico de los esquistos de Riás(NO Macizo Ibérico)

[ES]Los Esquistos de Riás afloran en el parautóctono del orógeno Varisco de Iberia, en el entorno del Complejode Malpica-Tui (NO del Macizo Ibérico), en el sector interno más occidental de la Cadena Varisca Europea. Sehan identificado tres eventos metamórficos en los Esquistos de Riás (M1, M2y post-M2). M1incluye microin-clusiones sin orientación preferente que sólo se han identificado en los núcleos de los porfiroblastos de gra-nate y en los cristales de estaurolita. M2comprende la foliación principal de la matriz (S2) y está constituidopor la paragénesis granateBORDE+ estaurolita + moscovita + biotita + clorita + rutilo/ilmenita + magnetita + cuar-zo y el desarrollo de porfiroblastos sintectónicos de andalucita. El evento post-M2(post-S2) incluye andaluci-ta y plagioclasa, además de moscovita, biotita y clorita secundarias y cantidades accesorias de turmalina, óxi-dos de Fe-Ti y carbonato. Los resultados de las técnicas de termobarometría multiequilibrio(pseudosecciones presión-temperatura), caracterizan M2como un evento metamórfico Barroviense de mediapresión (0.5-0.6 GPa; 580-570 oC; ca. 20 de profundidad) seguido de una exhumación con enfriamiento mode-rado, coetánea con el colapso extensional de la pila orogénica Varisca (post-M2;0.3 GPa; 540 oC; ca. 10 km deprofundidad). Las estimaciones realizadas en los Esquistos de Riás, y su relación espacial con los esquistospelíticos de alta presión del alóctono (i.e. Esquistos de Ceán), sugieren que ambas litologías formaron parte del mismo margen continental durante el comienzo de la orogenia Varisca, pero experimentaron evolucionestectonotermales muy distintas por su posición original en la cuña orogénica.[EN]The Riás Schists crop out in the so-called Iberian Variscan parautochthon, surrounding the Malpica-TuiComplex (NW Iberian Massif), as part of the westernmost internal areas of the European Variscan belt. ThreeVariscan metamorphic events have been identified in the Riás Schists (M1, M2and post-M2). M1compriseunoriented microinclusions that have only been identified in garnet porphyroblast cores and inside staurolitecrystals. M2, comprises the matrix foliation (S2) and the assemblage garnetRIM+ staurolite + muscovite + biotite+ chlorite + rutile/ilmenite + magnetite + quartz and the development of syntectonic andalusite. Finally, post-M2(post-S2) includes andalusite and plagioclase together with secondary muscovite, biotite and chlorite andaccessory tourmaline, Fe/Ti oxides, apatite and carbonate. Results of multi-equilibrium thermobarometry(pressure-temperature pseudosections), for M2indicates a medium-pressure Barrovian metamorphic event(0.5-0.6 GPa; 580-570 oC; ca. 20 km deep), followed by moderate cooling during decompression, together withthe extensional collapse of the Variscan orogenic pile (post-M2;0.3 GPa; 540 oC; ca. 10 km deep). Inferred P

U-Pb geochronolgy of the deformed Juzbado Granite (Salamanca, NW Spain)

Este trabajo se centra en el estudio de la edad de cristalización del granito deformado de Juzbado mediante geocronología U-Pb a través de ablación láser. Se dataron 7 granos de circón, obteniéndose edades comprendidas entre 340 y 2500 Ma. Los datos obtenidos proporcionan una edad máxima de cristalización de 340 Ma y aportan datos sobre la naturaleza de los potenciales materiales fuente. Las edades de circones heredados existentes en el granito son coincidentes con las encontradas en las posibles rocas fuente. Dado que esta intrusión está deformada intensamente por la fábrica relacionada con la Zona de Cizalla de Juzbado-Penalva do Castelo, la edad mínima de este cuerpo es de 308 Ma. La comparación de las características petrológicas de este granito con las de otros en los alrededores (en el Domo del Tormes) permite asignarle una edad en torno a 320 Ma

Global transcriptome analysis of Lactococcus garvieae strains in response to temperature

Lactococcus garvieae is an important fish and an opportunistic human pathogen. The genomic sequences of several L. garvieae strains have been recently published, opening the possibility of global studies on the biology of this pathogen. In this study, a whole genome DNA microarray of two strains of L. garvieae was designed and validated. This DNA microarray was used to investigate the effects of growth temperature (18°C and 37°C) on the transcriptome of two clinical strains of L. garvieae that were isolated from fish (Lg8831) and from a human case of septicemia (Lg21881). The transcriptome profiles evidenced a strain-specific response to temperature, which was more evident at 18°C. Among the most significant findings, Lg8831 was found to up-regulate at 18°C several genes encoding different cold-shock and cold-induced proteins involved in an efficient adaptive response of this strain to low-temperature conditions. Another relevant result was the description, for the first time, of respiratory metabolism in L. garvieae, whose gene expression regulation was temperature-dependent in Lg21881. This study provides new insights about how environmental factors such as temperature can affect L. garvieae gene expression. These data could improve our understanding of the regulatory networks and adaptive biology of this important pathogen

An extensive K-bentonite as an indicator of a super-eruption in northern Iberia 477 My ago

Zircon and monazite ID-TIMS U-Pb dating of four Lower Ordovician altered ash-fall tuff beds (K-Bentonites) in NW Iberia provided coetaneous ages of 477.5±1, 477±1.3 Ma, 477.2±1.1 Ma and 477.3±1 Ma, with a pooled concordia age of 477.2±0.74 Ma. A conservative estimation of the volume and mass of the studied K-bentonite beds (using data from the Cantabrian Zone) returns a minimum volume for the preserved deposits of ca. 37.5 km3 (Volcanic Explosivity Index - VEI = 6, Colossal). When considering other putative equivalent beds in other parts of Iberia and neighbouring realms the volume of ejecta associated to this event would make it reach the Supervolcanic-Apocalyptic status (VEI=8, >1000 km3). Contrary to most cases of this kind of gargantuan eruption events, the studied magmatic event took place in relation to continental margin extension and thinning and not to plate convergence. We speculate that a geochronologically coincident large caldera event observed in the geological record of NW Iberia could be ground zero of this super-eruption

Обширные отложения K-бентонитов как индикатор супервзрыва в северной Иберии на уровне 477 миллионов лет назад

Zircon and monazite ID-TIMS U-Pb dating of four Lower Ordovician altered ash-fall tuff beds (K-Bentonites) in NW Iberia provided coetaneous ages of 477.5±1, 477±1.3 Ma, 477.2±1.1 Ma and 477.3±1 Ma, with a pooled concordia age of 477.2±0.74 Ma. A conservative estimation of the volume and mass of the studied K-bentonite beds (using data from the Cantabrian Zone) returns a minimum volume for the preserved deposits of ca. 37.5 km3 (Volcanic Explosivity Index - VEI = 6, Colossal). When considering other putative equivalent beds in other parts of Iberia and neighboring realms the volume of ejecta associated to this event would make it reach the Supervolcanic-Apocalyptic status (VEI=8, >1000 km3). Contrary to most cases of this kind of gargantuan eruption events, the studied magmatic event took place in relation to continental margin extension and thinning and not to plate convergence. We speculate that a geochronologically coincident large caldera event observed in the geological record of NW Iberia could be ground zero of this super-eruption

Lactococcus garvieae: a small bacteria and a big data world

OBJECTIVE: To describe the importance of bioinformatics tools to analyze the big data yielded from new "omics" generation-methods, with the aim of unraveling the biology of the pathogen bacteria Lactococcus garvieae. METHODS: The paper provides the vision of the large volume of data generated from genome sequences, gene expression profiles by microarrays and other experimental methods that require biomedical informatics methods for management and analysis. RESULTS: The use of biomedical informatics methods improves the analysis of big data in order to obtain a comprehensive characterization and understanding of the biology of pathogenic organisms, such as L. garvieae. CONCLUSIONS: The "Big Data" concepts of high volume, veracity and variety are nowadays part of the research in microbiology associated with the use of multiple methods in the "omic" era. The use of biomedical informatics methods is a requisite necessary to improve the analysis of these data