Cooperative THz communication for UAVs in 6G and beyond

One of the key components of any smart city is considered to be its intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are envisioned in several ITS application fields because of their autonomous operation, mobility, communication/processing capabilities, and other factors. In this paper, cooperative terahertz (THz) communication is proposed for flying ad hoc networks (FANETs), which is a particular kind of network made up of a collection of small UAVs linked in an ad hoc fashion and working together to accomplish high-level objectives. The frequency spectrum for wireless communication has been expanding continuously in order to meet the demand for bandwidth. For the forthcoming 6G and beyond, communications in the THz range will be vital, similar to how mmWave-band communications are currently influencing the 5G of wireless mobile communications. The finite state machine (FSM) of the proposed cooperative communication system for THz band is presented. A Markov chain model-based analytical study is carried out, which derives relationships among parameters. Furthermore, numerical results are provided to support the analytical study

On the Vital Aspects and Characteristics of Cryptocurrency—A Survey

Cryptocurrencies acquire user confidence by making the whole creation and transaction history transparent to the public. In exchange, the transaction history accurately captures the complete range of user activities related to cryptocurrencies. It is thought to be one of the safest and simplest payment methods that may be employed in the future. The trend of banks and other financial institutions investing in cryptocurrencies has increased rapidly in recent years. Therefore, it is necessary to synthesize the findings of previous studies on cryptocurrencies. In this paper, the use of data mining methods in Bitcoin transactions is analyzed and summarized. Cryptocurrencies, similar to the well-known Bitcoin, were targeted to ensure transaction security and privacy and overcome the drawbacks of traditional banking systems as well as other centralized systems. In addition, a comprehensive analysis of the literature on the challenges and applications of electronic currencies is conducted. The evolution of digital currency from electronic cash to cryptocurrencies is summarized and the methods used to increase user privacy are highlighted. The security threats in existing cryptocurrency systems (that compromise the privacy of Bitcoin users) are also highlighted. Finally, several research gaps and trends are identified that need to be further explored

The Biology of Vasopressin

Vasopressins are evolutionarily conserved peptide hormones. Mammalian vasopressin functions systemically as an antidiuretic and regulator of blood and cardiac flow essential for adapting to terrestrial environments. Moreover, vasopressin acts centrally as a neurohormone involved in social and parental behavior and stress response. Vasopressin synthesis in several cell types, storage in intracellular vesicles, and release in response to physiological stimuli are highly regulated and mediated by three distinct G protein coupled receptors. Other receptors may bind or cross-bind vasopressin. Vasopressin is regulated spatially and temporally through transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms, sex, tissue, and cell-specific receptor expression. Anomalies of vasopressin signaling have been observed in polycystic kidney disease, chronic heart failure, and neuropsychiatric conditions. Growing knowledge of the central biological roles of vasopressin has enabled pharmacological advances to treat these conditions by targeting defective systemic or central pathways utilizing specific agonists and antagonists