Responses of Suaeda maritima to flooding and salinity

Suaeda maritima is an annual halophyte commonly found in salt-marshes. Its salt tolerance has been well studied, though there is little published on the effect of simultaneous waterlogging. The effects of saline waterlogging on growth, antioxidants (glutathione and total polyphenolic compounds, antioxidant activity) and oxidative damage were investigated with simulated tides in a controlled glasshouse and on plants collected from the field. Flooded shoots possessed higher levels of antioxidants than those from plants growing in well-drained situations, in the glasshouse and the field. The effects of hypoxia, (simulated in nutrient solution by flushing with nitrogen in a solution containing a low concentration of agar, which limits convection within the solution and so the transport of oxygen from the air) were determined on growth and trace metal concentrations, in plants grown in different concentrations of artificial seawater (100 and 350 mM Na+ at low pH, > pH 5.5), in sand/mud irrigated with halfstrength fresh seawater (at high pH, ca 7-8) and in different concentrations of manganese and iron in solution culture. High salt concentration reduced accumulation of trace metals in plants. Optimal growth occurred in 14 μM Fe and 1 mM Mn. Accumulation of trace metals was reduced at high pH, with more accumulating in the roots than the shoots. Hypoxia increased soluble sugars in shoots and roots, and this was affected by the salt concentration. Hypoxia also caused adventitious root development in hydroponic experiments, while in sand, adventitious root development was greater in drained than flooded conditions. Hypoxia significantly reduced shoot sodium concentration, sodium flux and bypass flow, at low and high salt concentrations. In high salt conditions, S. maritima reduced its transpiration rate and improved its water use efficiency. It was also shown that the roots contained high lactate concentrations under aerated and hypoxic conditions. S. maritima demonstrated many adaptations for tolerating extreme hypoxia

Is the reduced growth of the halophyte Suaeda maritima under hypoxia due to toxicity of iron or manganese?

For most plants, submergence in water is a rare occurrence, but for plants that grow on salt marshes flooding with seawater may be a twice-daily event. This is the case for plants of the halophyte Suaeda maritima, growing at low elevations on salt marshes. These plants are, however, smaller than those growing at higher elevations, where flooding is less frequent and the soil is better drained. We investigated whether the reduced growth brought about by flooding with saline water was a consequence of toxicity of manganese or iron. Seedlings of S. maritima were grown both in a sold medium (a mixture of salt-marsh mud and sand) that was either submerged twice a day or continuously flooded with half-strength seawater and in a hydroponic solution where the oxygen concentration was adjusted by bubbling with nitrogen or air. Hypoxia, reduced the growth of plants in both solid and liquid media and resuted in increases in manganese and iron in the shoots and roots. Experiments in culture solution showed that elevated levels of manganese were unlikely to be toxic, but that iron did reach toxic concentrations in flooded plants

Prevalence, Recognition, And Management Of Mental Disorders In Primary Care

According to latest figures, 50% of individuals will have a minimum of one mental health issue in their lifetime, with at least 25% experiencing a mental condition in the previous year. primary care doctors are overwhelmingly responsible for recognition, evaluation, therapy, and referral, with at least one-third of their consultations containing a direct and obvious mental aspect Primary care physicians are the foundation of the majority of medical care programs that involve recognizing, diagnosing, treating, and referring patients to specialists for every kind of diseases, whether physical, mental, or both. Over the last two decades, there has been a greater emphasis on this position, notably in the treatment of mental problems in primary care

Effects of salinity and ascorbic acid on growth, water status and antioxidant system in a perennial halophyte

Salinity causes oxidative stress in plants by enhancing production of reactive oxygen species, so that an efficient antioxidant system, of which ascorbic acid (AsA) is a key component, is an essential requirement of tolerance. However, antioxidant responses of plants to salinity vary considerably among species. Limonium stocksii is a sub-tropical halophyte found in the coastal marshes from Gujarat (India) to Karachi (Pakistan) but little information exists on its salt resistance. In order to investigate the role of AsA in tolerance, 2-month-old plants were treated with 0 (control), 300 (moderate) and 600 (high) mM NaCl for 30 days with or without exogenous application of AsA (20 mM) or distilled water. Shoot growth of unsprayed plants at moderate salinity was similar to that of controls while at high salinity growth was inhibited substantially. Sap osmolality, AsA concentrations and activities of AsA-dependant antioxidant enzymes increased with increasing salinity. Water spray resulted in some improvement in growth, indicating that the growth promotion by exogenous treatments could partly be attributed to water. However, exogenous application of AsA on plants grown under saline conditions improved growth and AsA dependent antioxidant enzymes more than the water control treatment. Our data show that AsA-dependent antioxidant enzymes play an important role in salinity tolerance of L. stocksii.Higher Education Commission of Pakistan for provision of funds under a research grant entitled ‘Salt-induced Oxidative Stress: Consequences and Possible Management’

Formation Analysis of Well ‹‹ x ›› in Order to Find the Prospective Gas and Oil in East of Kalimantan Area by Using Geological and Geophysical Methods

Evaluasi formasi dilakukan untuk memastikan kemampuan lubang bor dalam memproduksi petroleum dan sekaligus mengevaluasi persoalan seperti batas bawah porosity, permeability dan batas atas kejenuhan air yang menghasilkan produksi menguntungkan dari sebuah formasi tertentu atau zona bayar, baik di area geograik tertentu, atau di iklim ekonomi tertentu, agar bisa ditemukan minyak dan gas. Studi dilakukan untuk mendapatkan pengetahuan tentang core dan sampel potong. Tanpa mengetahui core dan sampel potong, tidak bisa didapatkan sumber minyak dan kita harus mengetahui komponen fisik batu dan fluida yang terkandung di dalam core dan sampel potong. Manfaat informasi ini tergantung cara menghitung wireline-nya, yang meliputi mineralogy, kerogen, kepadatan grain, porosity, dan kejenuhan gas yang nantinya dicocokkan dengan data core. TOC (Total Organic Carbon) dihitung dari log dengan mempertimbangkan korelasi bulk-density-log untuk hitungan serapan-gas. Porosity bebas-gas interpretasi-log tidak cocok dengan data core ketika menggunakan eksponen sementasi Archie sebesar 2, mungkin karena porosity terisi-gas di core mengukur gas bebas bersama dengan jumlah gas yang terserap. Dalam Area “X” di Indonesia, pengeboran dilaksanakan dengan stringer 0,5-2,0 m ke dalam lapisan limestone yang keras. Dalam terapan sama sebelumnya, rate of penetration (RP) dipengaruhi oleh beberapa desain PDC. Bagian lubang dimasuki peralatan logging wireline Halliburton. Ran # 1: GR/RDT/MRILAB, dengan hasil BHST sebesar 111,60C. Ada 38 tes pressure RDT. Hasilnya adalah 26 baik, 3 terekstrapolasi, dan 9 rapat. EMW Maksimum adalah 1,01 SG pada 2919,3 mWL/2104,3 mTVD dan EMW minimum sebesar 0,82 SG pada 2999,8 mWL/2166,1 mTVD. Upaya melibatkan 2 point analisis fluida MRI Lab. Hasilnya adalah 1 minyak dan 1 air. Terakhir, total operasi di blok Mahakam menghasilkan 2,6 milyar cubic feet per hari produksi gas. Output tetap terjaga di level ini setidaknya di tahun-tahun awal dekade selanjutnya karena produksi “X”. Blok Mahakam menjadi produsen minyak dan kondensat tingkat-atas, dengan output hampir 90 ribu barrel per hari. Total operasi area “X” adalah 47,9 interest, bersama dengan INPEX (47,9 %) dan Pertamina (4,2 %)

EKONOMSKI EFEKTI POVREDA VRHUNSKIH FUDBALERA U ODNOSU NA POVREDU SKOČNOG ZGLOBA

The main aim of the current research is to determine the differences and correlations of sport seasons and economic statistics between the highest paid soccer players in the world, with an ankle injury in addition to other injuries and without an ankle injury. By comparing highest paid soccer players in the world (N=95), i.e., a sub-sample of players with an ankle injury (N=44), and a sub-sample of players without an ankle injury (N=51), it is possible to conclude that significant differences were not found in the variables of age, market value, the number of matches completed, the number of goals scored and the number of assists, as well as in the derived variables of the value of one player's day and the value of one match. In the basic variables the number of days missed due to injuries (222.61±165.61 vs 124.98±110.59), the number of seasons with injuries (5.68±2.23 vs 4.53±2.73) and the number of matches missed due to injuries (35.32±28.07 vs 20.12±19.2), as well as in the derived variables of number of days missed due to injuries per year (40.4±29.33 vs 27.16±18.18), number of games missed due to injuries per year (6.23±3.83 vs 4.32±3.21), value of days missed due to injuries (£7,627±£5,898 vs £5,070±£3,634) and the value of matches missed due to injuries (£13,134±£12,461 vs £9,276±£9,158), statistically significant differences were determined. All determined values were higher in the sub-sample of players who, in addition to other injuries, suffered from an ankle injury as well. In the multivariate exploration of the structure of the basic research variables, the results obtained indicate a latent space that had an interpretable three-dimensional structure. The structure of the space indicated a functionally independent relationship between the frequency and intensity of injury, on the one hand, and the chronological age, the value of the transfer and the player's efficacy on the other. It can be concluded that sports injuries, and ankle injuries especially in elite soccer players, have significant economic reprisals.Glavni cilj aktuelnog istraživanja je da se utvrde razlike i korelacije u statistici sportske sezone i ekonomskoj statistici između najplaćenijih fudbalera na svetu, sa povredom skočnog zgloba pored ostalih povreda i bez povrede skočnog zgloba. Upoređujući najbolje plaćene fudbalere na svetu (N=95), tj. subuzorak igrača sa povredom skočnog (N=44), sa subuzorkom igrača bez povrede skočnog zgloba (N=51), moguće je zaključiti da značajne razlike nisu konstatovane u varijablama starosti, tržišne vrednosti, broja odigranih utakmica, broja postignutih golova i broja asistencija, kao ni u izvedenim varijablama vrednosti jednog igračkog dana i vrednosti jedne utakmice. U osnovnim varijablama broja propuštenih dana zbog povreda (222.61±165.61 vs 124.98±110.59), broja sezona sa povredom (5.68±2.23 vs 4.53±2.73) i broja propuštenih utakmica zbog povreda (35.32±28.07 vs 20.12±19.2), kao i u izvedenim varijablama broja propuštenih dana zbog povreda godišnje (40.4±29.33 vs 27.16±18.18), broja propuštenih utakmica zbog povreda godišnje (6.23±3.83 vs 4.32±3.21), vrednost propuštenih dana zbog povrede (£7,627±£5,898 vs £5,070±£3,634) i vrednost propuštenih utakmica zbog povrede (£13,134±£12,461 vs £9,276±£9,158), registrovane su statistički značajne razlike. Sve registrovane vrednosti bile su više u subuzorku igrača koji su pored ostalih povreda imali i povredu skočnog zgloba. U multivarijatnoj eksploraciji strukture osnovnih varijabli istraživanja dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na latentni prostor koji je imao interpretabilnu trodimenzionalnu struktru. Struktura prostora je ukazala na funkcionalno nezavisan odnos između učestalosti i intenziteta povređivanja, s jedne strane i hronološkog uzrasta, vrednosti transfera i igračke efiksanosti s druge. Zaključeno je da sportske povrede, a naročito povrede skočnog zgloba kod vrhunskih fudbalera imaju značajne ekonomske reprekusije

The effect of combined salinity and waterlogging on the halophyte Suaeda maritima: The role of antioxidants

Suaeda maritime is a halophytic plant and its habitat is salt marsh. In order to adapt to saline or waterlogged conditions, plants have evolved mechanisms that include antioxidant protection. However, the combined effect of salinity and waterlogging on antioxidants in S. maritime is unknown. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the effect of saline-flooding on levels of glutathione and phenolic compounds (antioxidants) and the correlation between their concentration and activity in S. maritime shoots grown in their natural habitat and in a glasshouse. Shoots were collected from two different elevations (and so different degrees of flooding) of a salt marsh while other plants were grown in half strength seawater in the controlled conditions of a glasshouse for 8 weeks (drained and flooded). Shoot samples were used to measure dry weight, glutathione and its reduction state, malonyldialdehyde content (MDA), polyphenol content, superoxide anion and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) scavenging activity in the shoots of S. maritime. Growth of S. maritima was greater in plants growing on the high marsh than at a lower elevation and in drained medium as opposed to waterlogged conditions in the glasshouse. Waterlogging caused an increase in glutathione and its reduction state. The glutathione half-cell redox potential (E-GSSG/2GSH) was more negative in plant shoots grown under waterlogged conditions than in plants grown under normal conditions. Higher DPPH and superoxide anion scavenging activity was associated with high antioxidant concentrations (glutathione and polyphenols). Conclusions. Under saline-flooded conditions in the field and in the glasshouse, plants produced a higher concentration of antioxidants than under drained conditions. These result indicated that antioxidant molecules play an important role in S. maritima plants under combined salinity and waterlogging stress. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved