Mixed methods en la investigación de la actividad física y el deporte

La lógica del procedimiento científico se ha desarrollado tradicionalmente desde planteamientos dicotómicos, y uno de los más influyentes fue la radical oposición entre paradigma cuantitativo vs. paradigma cualitativo. A finales del siglo XX irrumpe con fuerza la corriente de mixed methods, que ya no podemos considerar emergente, a pesar de que sigue creciendo con fuerza, porque está ya estabilizada. Su avance ha sido desigual en función de los ámbitos de conocimiento, y en el de actividad física y deporte ha sido relativamente tardía, pero últimamente está dando magníficos frutos. En este articulo se presenta la panorámica actual relativa a las etapas del proceso de investigación, relativa a diseños, como planificación empírica estratégica del problema de estudio, recogida de datos, que abarca un arco de diferentes posibilidades que hasta hace poco se hallaban en liza, y de análisis de datos, que nos conducte a planteamientos no esperables hace pocos años. Nos hallamos en un momento de especial potencial de desarrollo metodológico en el marco de los mixed methods, y este articulo trata de impulsar las iniciativas en este sentido.Scientific methods have traditionally been based on dichotomous approaches, one of the most influential being radical opposition between quantitative and qualitative paradigms. However, the end of the twentieth century saw the emergence of mixed research methods; an approach that has since become well established and which continues to gain ground. To varying degrees, different branches of knowledge have turned to mixed research methods, with the field of physical activity and sports science being relatively slow in adopting this approach. Now, however, it is beginning to bear magnificent fruit and this paper shows how it is starting to become a reality in research into physical activity and sport. We describe the current state of mixed research methods in terms of different stages in the research process, namely: the design process, entailing a strategic empirical approach to the research issue; the data collection process, where researchers can turn to a range of methods which hitherto rivalled one another; and the data analysis process, where the options that are now available would not even have been foreseen a few years ago. There is now great potential for methodological development within the framework of mixed methods, and this paper seeks to encourage researchers to grasp this opportunity.A lógica do procedimento científico foi desenvolvida tradicionalmente a partir de planeamentos dicotómicos, e um dos mais influentes foi a radical oposição entre o paradigma quantitativo e o paradigma qualitativo. Em finais do século XX assiste-se à emergência dos mixed methods, apesar de continuar a crescer em força. O seu progresso tem sido inconstante em função dos âmbitos de conhecimento, e relativamente à actividade física e ao desporto tem sido relativamente tardio, sendo que ultimamente tem dado magníficos frutos. Neste artigo apresenta-se a panorâmica actual relativa às etapas do processo de investigação, aos delineamentos, como a planificação empírica estratégica da problemática em estudo, recolha de dados, que abarca um espectro de diferentes possibilidades que até há pouco tempo se encontravam em falta, e de análise de dados, que nos conduz a planeamentos não antes expectáveis. Encontramo-nos num momento de especial potencial de desenvolvimento metodológico relativamente aos mixed methods, e este artigo procura impulsionar as iniciativas neste sentido

Epidermoid Septal Carcinoma, A Rare and Singular Tumor: Case Report and Review

Aim: To describe our casuistic and the way we manage these tumors with their differential behavior. Background: Septal epidermoid carcinoma is a rare tumor that accounts for only 9% of tumors of the nasal fossa. This tumor presents histological, clinical, and prognostic characteristics that differentiate it from other nasal cavity tumors, mainly its anterior location that leads to an early diagnosis in incipient stages. Case description: We present a series of six patients diagnosed with nasal squamous cell carcinoma as well as the clinic referred by the patients to the diagnosis, the associated risk factors, and their clinical and therapeutic approach. Conclusion: The majority of cases (4/6) corresponded to early stages I and II, while the rest were classified as stage IV. In all cases, surgical treatment was performed using different approaches according to location and stage and completing treatment with radiotherapy in five of the six patients. After an average of 40 months of follow-up, all the patients were free of disease. Clinical significance: This paper tries to explain many points of controversy in the management of the tumors of the most anterior areas of the nasal fossa and its differential characteristics with respect to the rest of the tumors in this ar

Predicting circulating biomarker response and its impact on the survival of advanced melanoma patients treated with adjuvant therapy

Advanced melanoma remains a disease with poor prognosis. Several serologic markers have been investigated to help monitoring and prognostication, but to date only lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) has been validated as a standard prognostic factor biomarker for this disease by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. In this work, we built a semi-mechanistic model to explore the relationship between the time course of several circulating biomarkers and overall or progression free survival in advanced melanoma patients treated with adjuvant high-dose interferon-[Formula: see text]. Additionally, due to the adverse interferon tolerability, a semi-mechanistic model describing the side effects of the treatment in the absolute neutrophil counts is proposed in order to simultaneously analyze the benefits and toxic effects of this treatment. The results of our analysis suggest that the relative change from baseline of LDH was the most significant predictor of the overall survival of the patients. Unfortunately, there was no significant difference in the proportion of patients with elevated serum biomarkers between the patients who recurred and those who remained free of disease. Still, we believe that the modelling framework presented in this work of circulating biomarkers and adverse effects could constitute an additional strategy for disease monitoring in advance melanoma patients

Exploring blueberry aroma complexity by chromatographic and direct-injection spectrometric techniques

Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) fruit consumption has increased over the last 5 years, becoming the second most important soft fruit species after strawberry. Despite the possible economic and sensory impact, the blueberry volatile organic compound (VOC) composition has been poorly investigated. Thus, the great impact of the aroma on fruit marketability stimulates the need to step forward in the understanding of this quality trait. Beside the strong effect of ripening, blueberry aroma profile also varies due to the broad genetic differences among Vaccinium species that have been differently introgressed in modern commercial cultivars through breeding activity. In the present study, divided into two different activities, the complexity of blueberry aroma was explored by an exhaustive untargeted VOC analysis, performed by two complementary methods: SPME-GC-MS (solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) and PTR-ToF-MS (proton transfer reaction-time of flight-mass spectrometry). The first experiment was aimed at determining the VOC modifications during blueberry ripening for five commercially representative cultivars ("Biloxi," "Brigitta Blue," "Centurion," "Chandler," and "Ozark Blue") harvested at four ripening stages (green, pink, ripe, and over-ripe) to outline VOCs dynamic during fruit development. The objective of the second experiment was to confirm the analytical capability of PTR-ToF-MS to profile blueberry genotypes and to identify the most characterizing VOCs. In this case, 11 accessions belonging to different Vaccinium species were employed: V. corymbosum L. ("Brigitta," "Chandler," "Liberty," and "Ozark Blue"), V. virgatum Aiton ("Centurion," "Powder Blue," and "Sky Blue"), V. myrtillus L. (three wild genotypes of different mountain locations), and one accession of V. cylindraceum Smith. This comprehensive characterization of blueberry aroma allowed the identification of a wide pull of VOCs, for the most aldehydes, alcohols, terpenoids, and esters that can be used as putative biomarkers to rapidly evaluate the blueberry aroma variations related to ripening and/or senescence as well as to genetic background differences. Moreover, the obtained results demonstrated the complementarity between chromatographic and direct-injection mass spectrometric techniques to study the blueberry aroma

Synthesis and Structure of Trinuclear W3S4 Clusters Bearing Aminophosphine Ligands and Their Reactivity toward Halides and Pseudohalides

The aminophosphine ligand (2-aminoethyl)- diphenylphosphine (edpp) has been coordinated to the W3(μ- S)(μ-S)3 cluster unit to afford trimetallic complex [W3S4Br3(edpp)3]+ (1+) in a one-step synthesis process with high yields. Related [W3S4X3(edpp)3]+ clusters (X = F−, Cl−, NCS−; 2+−4+) have been isolated by treating 1+ with the corresponding halide or pseudohalide salt. The structure of complexes 1+ to 4+ contains an incomplete W3S4 cubane-type cluster unit, and only one of the possible isomers is formed: the one with the phosphorus atoms trans to the capping sulfur and the amino groups trans to the bridging sulphurs. The remaining coordination position on each metal is occupied by X. Detailed studies using stopped-flow, 31P{1H} NMR, and ESI-MS have been carried out in order to understand the solution behavior and the kinetics of interconversion among species 1+, 2+, 3+, and 4+ in solution. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been also carried out on the reactions of cluster 1+ with the different anions. The whole set of experimental and theoretical data indicate that the actual mechanism of substitutions in these clusters is strongly dependent on the nature of the leaving and entering anions. The interaction between an entering F− and the amino group coordinated to the adjacent metal have also been found to be especially relevant to the kinetics of these reactions

On the assessment of the moisture transport by the Great Plains low-level jet

Low-level jets (LLJs) can be defined as wind corridors of anomalously high wind speed values located within the first kilometre of the troposphere. These structures are one of the major meteorological systems in the meridional transport of moisture on a global scale. In this work, we focus on the southerly Great Plains low-level jet, which plays an important role in the moisture transport balance over the central United States. The Gulf of Mexico is the main moisture source for the Great Plains low-level jet (GPLLJ), which has been identified as a key factor for rainfall modulation over the eastern and central US. The relationship between moisture transport from the Gulf of Mexico to the Great Plains and precipitation has been well documented in previous studies. Nevertheless, a large uncertainty still remains in the quantification of the moisture amount actually carried by the GPLLJ. The main goal of this work is to address this question. For this purpose, a relatively new tool, the regional atmospheric Weather Research and Forecasting Model with 3-D water vapour tracers (WRF-WVT; Insua-Costa and Miguez-Macho, 2018) is used together with the Lagrangian model FLEXPART to estimate the load of precipitable water advected within the GPLLJ. Both models were fed with data from ERA Interim. From a climatology of jet intensity over a 37-year period, which follows a Gaussian distribution, we select five cases for study, representing the mean and 1 and 2 standard deviations above and below it. Results show that the jet is responsible for roughly 70&thinsp;%–80&thinsp;% of the moisture transport occurring in the southern Great Plains when a jet event occurs. Furthermore, moisture transport by the GPLLJ extends to the north-east US, accounting for 50&thinsp;% of the total in areas near the Great Lakes. Vertical distributions show the maximum of moisture advected by the GPLLJ at surface levels and maximum values of moisture flux about 500&thinsp;m above, in coincidence with the wind speed profile.</p

Los orígenes de la arquitectura telefónica en España: las centrales madrileñas del «Grupo Peninsular»

El desarrollo del negocio telefónico en España fue lento y hay muy pocos edificios diseñados como centrales telefónicas antes de 1924. Este artículo describe el conjunto de tres centrales que el Grupo Peninsular construyó en Madrid entre 1910 y 1917, siguiendo las reglas e ideología sobre arquitectura de American Telephone and Telegraph que inspiraron a las pequeñas empresas privadas europeas de ese periodo

Osteosarcoma: correlation between radiological and histological changes after intra-arterial chemotherapy

The statistical correlation between three different radiological methods (conventional radiography, computed tomography and angiography) and tumor necrosis (TN) of the resected specimen have been studied in a series of 31 patients diagnosed with osteosarcoma (OS). They were treated with a multidisciplinary approach including intraarterial and intravenous chemotherapy followed by limb salvage procedures, plus intraoperative radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy. A clear statistical correlation has been obtained between TN and angiography (p = 0.02) and between TN and two specific radiological signs: 'tumoral stain and neovascularity' (p = 0.02) and 'peritumoral fat planes' (p = 0.05). Conventional radiography, computed tomography and other radiological signs studied (nutrient vessel, soft tissue mass and central peripheral calcifications) did not show any significant correlation with TN. These results seem to suggest that angiography is a method to evaluate TN preoperatively and also to define the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in OS