References on caries diagnosis

Rezumat. Diagnosticul cariei dentare se stabileşte în baza semnelor subiective obţinute prin anamneză şi semnelor obiective puse în evidenţă prin examenul stomatologic. Semnele subiective obţinute din anamneză sînt relative, uneori inexacte pentru stabilirea diagnosticului de carie. Deseori pacientul nu poate preciza momentul în care a început boala, simptomatologia fiind săracă.Summary. Caries diagnosis is established based on subjective signs obtained by history and objective signs highlighted by dentistry examenal. Signs subjective history are obtained relative to the diagnosis of caries. Most often, the patient can not specify when the disease began, the symptoms being poor

Temporary dental caries. General references, impact study

Rezumat. Caria dentara este un proces cronic destructiv al ţesuturilor dure dentare care evoluează prin fenomene inflamatorii atipice şi care, în final, interesează pulpa dentară şi parodonţiul apical, iar prin complicaţiile sale întregul organism. Caria dinţilor temporari evoluează, în general, după aceleaşi legităţi ca şi la dinţii permanenţi. Din punct de vedere clinic se evidenţiază un şir de particularităţi, determinate de anumiţi factori, precum particularităţile structurale la diferite etape de dezvoltare a dinţilor temporari, factorii de risc care favorizează apariţia cariei dentare, intensitatea procesului carios, gradul de afectare al ţesuturilor dure, reacţia pulpei dentare etc.Summary. Dental caries is a chronic destructive process that evolves through hard dental tissues and atypical inflammatory phenomena that ultimately interested in pulp and apical periodontium and its complications through the entire body. Temporary tooth decay progresses generally follow the same regularities as the permanent teeth. From the clinical point of view highlights a number of features, determined by factors such as structural peculiarities at different stages of development of temporary teeth, risk factors favoring the occurrence of dental caries, caries intensity of the degree of impairment of hard tissue reaction pulp etc

Synergy of the antibiotic colistin with echinocandin antifungals in Candida species.

International audienceOBJECTIVES: Candida albicans is the most prevalent fungal pathogen of humans, causing a wide range of infections from harmless superficial to severe systemic infections. Improvement of the antifungal arsenal is needed since existing antifungals can be associated with limited efficacy, toxicity and antifungal resistance. Here we aimed to identify compounds that act synergistically with echinocandin antifungals and that could contribute to a faster reduction of the fungal burden. METHODS: A total of 38 758 compounds were tested for their ability to act synergistically with aminocandin, a β-1,3-glucan synthase inhibitor of the echinocandin family of antifungals. The synergy between echinocandins and an identified hit was studied with chemogenomic screens and testing of individual Saccharomyces cerevisiae and C. albicans mutant strains. RESULTS: We found that colistin, an antibiotic that targets membranes in Gram-negative bacteria, is synergistic with drugs of the echinocandin family against all Candida species tested. The combination of colistin and aminocandin led to faster and increased permeabilization of C. albicans cells than either colistin or aminocandin alone. Echinocandin susceptibility was a prerequisite to be able to observe the synergy. A large-scale screen for genes involved in natural resistance of yeast cells to low doses of the drugs, alone or in combination, identified efficient sphingolipid and chitin biosynthesis as necessary to protect S. cerevisiae and C. albicans cells against the antifungal combination. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that echinocandin-mediated weakening of the cell wall facilitates colistin targeting of fungal membranes, which in turn reinforces the antifungal activity of echinocandins

Pseudo electron-deficient organometallics: limited reactivity towards electron-donating ligands

YesHalf-sandwich metal complexes are of considerable interest in medicine, material, and nanomaterial chemistry. The design of libraries of such complexes with particular reactivity and properties is therefore a major quest. Here, we report the unique and peculiar reactivity of eight apparently 16-electron half-sandwich metal (ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, and iridium) complexes based on benzene-1,2-dithiolato and 3,6-dichlorobenzene-1,2-dithiolato chelating ligands. These electron-deficient complexes do not react with electron-donor pyridine derivatives, even with the strong σ-donor 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) ligand. The Ru, Rh, and Ir complexes accept electrons from the triphenylphosphine ligand (σ-donor, π-acceptor), whilst the Os complexes were found to be the first examples of non-electron-acceptor electron-deficient metal complexes. We rationalized these unique properties by a combination of experimental techniques and DFT/TDFT calculations. The synthetic versatility offered by this family of complexes, the low reactivity at the metal center, and the facile functionalization of the non-innocent benzene ligands is expected to allow the synthesis of libraries of pseudo electron-deficient half-sandwich complexes with unusual properties for a large range of applications

Jak zachovat a udržet nízkou a stabilní míru inflace v Argentině

This study is titled and its main purpose is to evaluate possible solutions to the inflation crisis in Argentina. The work will specifically look at the monetary history of Argentina until the most recent days, then it will examine causes of Argentinian inflation and present possible solutions to it. Finally, it examines them and come up with the best theoretical plan

Hypoelectronic Dirhenaboranes Having Eight to Twelve Vertices: Internal Versus Surface Rhenium–Rhenium Bonding

Fehlner, Ghosh, and their co-workers have synthesized a series of dirhenaboranes Cp₂Re₂B_<i>n</i>–2H_<i>n</i>–2 (<i>n</i> = 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) exhibiting unprecedented oblate (flattened) deltahedral structures. These structures have degree 6 and/or 7 rhenium vertices at the flattest regions on opposite sides of an axially compressed deltahedron thereby leading to ReRe distances in the range 2.69 to 2.94 Å suggesting internal formal double bonds. These experimental oblate (flattened) deltahedral structures are shown by density functional theory to be the lowest energy structures for these dirhenaboranes. In some cases the energy differences between such oblate deltahedral structures and the next higher energy structures are quite considerable, that is, up to 25 kcal/mol for the nine-vertex Cp₂Re₂B₇H₇ structures. The higher energy Cp₂Re₂B_<i>n</i>–2H_<i>n</i>–2 structures are of the two types: (1) Most spherical (<i>closo</i>) deltahedra having unusually short 2.28 to 2.39 Å Re–Re edges with unusually high Wiberg bond indices suggesting formal multiple bonds on the deltahedral surface; (2) Deltahedra having one or two degree 3 vertices and 2.6 to 2.9 Å Re–Re edges. The latter deltahedra are derived from smaller deltahedra by capping Re₂B faces with the degree 3 vertices

Polyhedral Dicobaltadithiaboranes and Dicobaltdiselenaboranes as Examples of Bimetallic <i>Nido</i> Structures without Bridging Hydrogens

The geometries and energetics of the n-vertex polyhedral dicobaltadithiaboranes and dicobaltadiselenaboranes Cp2Co2E2Bn−4Hn−4 (E = S, Se; n = 8 to 12) have been investigated via the density functional theory. Most of the lowest-energy structures in these systems are generated from the (n + 1)-vertex most spherical closo deltahedra by removal of a single vertex, leading to a tetragonal, pentagonal, or hexagonal face depending on the degree of the vertex removed. In all of these low-energy structures, the chalcogen atoms are located at the vertices of the non-triangular face. Alternatively, the central polyhedron in most of the 12-vertex structures can be derived from a Co2E2B8 icosahedron with adjacent chalcogen (E) vertices by breaking the E–E edge and 1 or more E–B edges to create a hexagonal face. Examples of the arachno polyhedra with two tetragonal and/or pentagonal faces derived from the removal of two vertices from isocloso deltahedra were found among the set of lowest-energy Cp2Co2E2Bn−4Hn−4 (E = S, Se; n = 8 and 12) structures

Some biological peculiarities and biochemical composition of the species Lupinus perennis L. in the Republic of Moldova

Forage legumes have been suggested as important components of low input, sustainable systems for livestock production and are the basis of organic agriculture. We have studied some biological peculiarities, chemical composition and nutritional value of the species Lupinus perennis L., native to North America, which was cultivated in the experimental land of the Botanical Garden (Institute) of the ASM, the traditional forage crop alfalfa Medicago sativa L. and Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. served as control variant. It has been established that the species L. perennis in the first year of vegetation has a slow growth and development, develops only rosette-like radical leaves, but in the following years, it grows and develops more intensively, this species starts flowering 15-29 days earlier than the traditional forage crops. Chemical composition of dry substances of green mass of the species Lupinus perennis is represented as follows: 14.42% raw protein, 3.91 % raw fats, 25.44% raw cellulose, 10.56 % minerals, 45.67% nitrogen free extractive substances, but Medicago sativa – 16.16 % raw protein, 1.88 % raw fats, 34.74 % raw cellulose, 10.00 % minerals, 37.22 % nitrogen free extractive substances, respectively, and Onobrychis viciifolia – 15.88% raw protein, 3.57 % raw fats, 34.95% raw cellulose, 8.92 % minerals, 36.74% nitrogen free extractive substances. The fodder of Lupinus perennis is distinguished by a high content of alanine, histidine, tyrosine, arginine. Due to the earlier first harvest time, stable productivity and quality of fodder, the use of the plantation of the species Lupinus perennis for a long period of time can serve as initial breeding material for enriching the range of forage crops, recovery of degraded and polluted lands