Petrogenesis of late cenozoic collision volcanism in western Anatolia, Turkey

Western Anatolia exhibits a record of almost all stages of a collision event and its related magmatic processes. Following an Eocene continent-arc collision, Western Anatolia region experienced a complete cycle of thickening and orogenic collapse. The early stage of collision- related volcanism, which was most evident during the Early Miocene (<21 Ma), produced a considerable volume of lavas and pyroclastic deposits covering a broad compositional range from basaltic andesites to rhyolites. The volcanic activity continued into the Middle Miocene with a gradual change in eruptive style and rock compositions. The Middle Miocene activity, formed in relation to localised extensional basins and was dominated by lava flows and dykes of basalts to andesites composition. Both the Early-Middle Miocene rocks have calc-alkaline and shoshonitic character. The late stage volcanism, from 11.0 to 8.3 Ma, was marked by alkali basalts and basanites erupted along the localised extensional zones. The Early-Middle Miocene volcanic rocks exhibit enrichment in LILE and LREE relative to the HFSE (characterised by negative Nb and Ta anomalies) and are characterised by high (^87)Sr/(^86)Sr and low (^143)Nd/(^144)Nd (-ɛno) ratios. These characteristics indicate a mantle lithospheric source region carrying a subduction component inherited from a pre-collision subduction event. Perturbation of this subduction-metasomatised lithosphere by delamination of the thermal boundary layer is the likely mechanism for the initiation of the post-collision magmatism. Trace elements systematics suggest that the Early-Middle Miocene series underwent a hydrous crystallisation (dominated by pargasitic amphibole) in deep crustal magma chambers. Subsequent crystallisation in shallower magma chambers follows two different trends: (1) anhydrous (pyroxene + plagioclase-dominated; and (2) hydrous (edenitic amphibole + plagioclase + pyroxene dominated).Trace element and isotope modelling shows that the Early-Middle Miocene rocks have been affected by assimilation combined with fractional crystallisation processes, and that the effects of assimilation decrease gradually from the Early Miocene into the Middle Miocene. This indicates a progressive crustal thinning related to the extensional tectonics that prevailed from the latest Early Miocene onwards. In contrast to the Early-Middle Miocene rocks, the Late Miocene alkaline rocks are characterised by low (^87)Sr/(^86)Sr and high (^143)Nd/(^144)Nd (+ɛnd) ratios and have OIB-type like trace element patterns characterised by enrichment in LILE, HFSE and L-MREE, and a slight depletion in HREE, relative to the N-MORB compositions. REE inversion modelling indicates that these rocks formed by partial melting (with degrees of ~2 to -10%) of a spinel + garnet Iherzolite source. Trace element and isotopic systematics are consistent with decompression melting of an enriched mantle asthenospheric source

How Can Blockchain Contribute to Developing Country Economies? A Literature Review on Application Areas

Blockchain technology originally finding applications in Fintech and supply chain management is rapidly expanding applications to other industries as well as the public sector. “Blockchain has been compared to the invention of the internet and its comprehensive impact on almost every industry.” R. Beck and B. Markey-Towler (2017) A recent study by PWC (2020) found that, “Blockchain technology has the potential to boost global gross domestic product by $1.76 trillion USD over this decade.” It has been argued that the digital revolution has favored more developed nations and that has helped create a “digital divide” with less developed nations. Business and governmental infrastructure in developing nations have lagged that of more developed nations. Some of these challenges faced by developing nations include the registration of property ownership, financial systems, modern efficient supply chains often accompanied by a lack of trust and the ability to verify and audit organizational processes rapidly and economically. Blockchain technology has the promise to address many of the critical needs of developing countries internally and in external trade relationships to help enable them to be more competitive. This paper will review the literature and examine the impact of Blockchain technology on how its adoption may ameliorate many of these critical challenges for developing nations helping to improve governance and economic benefits that are shared more equitably. Potential for both positive and negative impacts with be discussed along with policy implications for public policy makers and private enterprises

İnsan onuru ışığında kişisel özerklik ve yerellik ilkesi

Bu çalışma, modern sonrası çağımızın sosyal, siyasal ve kültürel yaşamının temel ilkeleri olarak kabul edilen insan onuru, bireysel veya grup özerkliği ve yerindelik ilkesi kavramları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Bu konuda yazmanın temel sebebi, bu üç kavram arasında potansiyel bir gerilimin varlığıdır; çünkü onlar rekabet halindeki çıkarları, farklı türdeki özgürlükleri ve hakları temsil edebilirler. Bu olgu, kendisini farklı bölgesel ve uluslararası toplumlar ve bireyler arasındaki siyasal ve sosyal yaşam çatışmalarında belli etmektedir. Bunun yanında, bu kavramlar, statik değildirler ve ebedi olarak tanımlanmamışlardır. Onlar çok sayıda açıklığa kavuşturulmasını gerektiren içsel gerilim ve doğalarından gelen çelişkiler de içermektedirler. Şu sonuç çıkarılabilir ki, insan onuru, özerklik ve yerindenlik ilkesi birbirine yakın durmaktadırlar, fakat onlar arasında bir potansiyel gerilim de mevcuttur. Bununla beraber, hepsi birlikte, bütün medeni toplum üyeleri için insan onuruna uygun bir sosyal yaşamı mümkün kılmaktadırlar. Onlar onurlu bir yaşamı, bireylerin ve grupların çeşitli özgür davranışları arasındaki adaleti temin etmektedirler ve düşünülebilecek herhangi bir camianın birlik ve beraberliğinin ön şartı olan çok çeşitli özgürlük alanları arasında bir denge oluşturmaktadırla

NORMLARA HAYAT VEREN GERÇEKLİK VE REALİTEYİ DÖNÜŞTÜREN NORMLAR

Geleneksel olarak, hukuk biliminin normatif bir bilim dalı olduğu kabul edilir. Çağımızın bilimsel yargılarına göre ise, doğru bilgi ancak deney ve gözlem yoluyla elde edilebilir. Bu farklı yaklaşımlar, birbiriyle sadece çelişmezler, aynı zamanda dünyayı farklı açılardan görmeyi ifade ederler. İşte bu çalışma, anılan paradokstan yola çıkılarak yapılan araştırmayı içermektedir. Öncelikle, genel olarak bilgi ve gerçeklik arsındaki ilişkiler felsefi olarak irdelenmektedir. Burada bilginin soyut metafizik bir alandan değil, somut maddi dünyadan edinildiği tespit edilmektedir. Aynı yöntemle hukuk bilimine yaklaşıldığında, hukuk biliminin de esasında ampirik bir zeminde geliştiği ortaya çıkarılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda farklı hukuk teorileri vasıtasıyla, onların normatif gözüken çehrelerinin arkasında, çok karmaşık nedensellik bağlarının hüküm sürdüğü ve bu bağların hukuk kurallarının oluşumunu tayin ettiği izah edilmektedir. Çalışmada ayrıca normların pozitif hukukta düzenlendikten sonra, hukuk dogmatiği anlamında normatif karakter kazandığı açıklığa kavuşturulmaktadır. Araştırmalar sonucu varılan yargıya göre, çifte yönlü bir etki söz konusudur. Soyut, felsefi ve normatif ön-kabuller gerçek yaşam düzenini etkilemektedir ve gerçek maddi dünyadan gelen ampirik veriler de, metafizik sanılan normatif alana tesir etmektedi

Hukukta duyguların dirilişi

Geleneksel anlayışa göre, duygular akılla bağdaşmazlar ve bundan ötürü de elden geldiğince onların düşünce sürecinde devre dışı kalmaları gerekir. Hukuk bilimi de teorik olarak akıl vasıtası ile normları keşfedip bunları pozitif olarak düzenleme çalışması olduğundan, hukuki normların ve kararların duygulardan arındırılması gerektiği ileri sürülmektedir. Bu çalışmada bu yaklaşımı sorgulamak amacıyla temelde duygularla hukuk ilişkisi mercek altına alınırken, aynı zamanda genel hatları ile akıl ve duygu ilişkisi analiz edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada ortaya çıkmıştır ki, insan aklı aslında daha bilinç düzeyine çıkmadan önce bir takım bilinçaltı duygusal muhakeme sürecinden geçerek şekillenmektedir. Bunun sonucu olarak da akıl ile duyguların birbirlerine zıt unsurlar olmadıkları ortaya çıkmaktadır. Akıl sayısız duyguların çarpışması sonucunda su yüzüne vuran duygular bileşkesidir. Hukukun üstünlüğü, adalet ve eşitlik kavramlarının ortaya çıkmasının ve bunların hayatta kalmalarının temelinde, insanın otorite ile ve birbirileri ile olan ilişkilerinde gizli olan duygular yatmaktadır. Öyle ise sonuç olarak denebilir ki, genel olarak hukuksal kavramların özünde gerçek hayatta yaşayan insanların duyguları vardır. Bu realite, bizi şu sonuca götürür: Somut pozitif normlar dediğimiz anayasa, kanun, tüzük, yönetmelik ve uluslararası antlaşma ve normlar duyguların ahenkleşmiş şeklidir. Bunlar hem duygular temelinde ortaya çıkarlar, hem de uygulamada duyguları etkileyip yönlendirirler. Dolaysıyla burada, hukukta duyguların dirilişine şahit oluyoruz

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans GroEL Protein Promotes Conversion of Human CD4+ T Cells into IFNγ IL10 Producing Tbet+ Th1 Cells

One of the heat shock family protein (Hsp) expressing bacteria is the gram negative, periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa). A. actinomycetemcomitans' Hsp is a 64-kDa GroEL-protein, which has been shown to influence the host cells. In this study we used recombinant A. actinomycetemcomitans GroEL (rAaGroEL) protein as a model antigen to study GroEL-mediated T cell immune response. Human peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs), when stimulated with recombinant rAaGroEL, expressed early activation marker CD69 and IL-2R (CD25). CD25 and CD69 expressions were higher in CD4+ T cells compared to CD8+ T cells. rAaGroEL-responding CD4+ T cells expressed IL-10, IFNγ and TNFα cytokines. Interestingly, there were also IL-10 and IFNγ double cytokine producing CD4+ T cells. Additionally, IFNγ expressing CD4+ T cells were also T-bet positive. Altogether the results suggest that rAaGroEL protein affects CD4+ T cells to differentiate into IFNγ IL10-secreting T-bet+ Th1 cells.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (106T417

Lithostratigraphy and petrology of Lachman Crags and Cape Lachman lava-fed deltas, Ulu Peninsula, James Ross Island, north-eastern Antarctic Peninsula: Preliminary results

This paper presents the preliminary results regarding the lithostratigraphy, petrography and petrology of James Ross Island Volcanic Group dominating the Lachman Crags and Cape Lachman lava-fed deltas in the Ulu Peninsula, James Ross Island north-eastern Antarctic Peninsula. Studied lava-fed deltas were produced via Late Miocene to Pleistocene sub-marine and sub-glacial volcanism and made up four main lithofacies: a- bottomset pillow lavas, peperites and associated volcanoclastic/siliciclastic deposits; b- foreset-bedded hyaloclastite breccias; c- intrusions (feeder dykes, sills, and plugs) and d- topset subaerial lavas. Collectively these lithofacies record the transition from an effusive subaqueous to an effusive subaerial eruption environment. All lava samples and dykes from bottomset, foreset and topset lava-fed delta associations are olivine-phyric alkali basalts and are mineralogically and geochemically homogeneous. These eruptive products display significant enrichments in alkali contents and have ocean island basalt (OIB)-type, intra-plate geochemical signatures characterized by enrichments in all highly to moderately incompatible trace elements relative to basaltic rocks from ocean ridge settings. Volcanic products from a number of different eruptive periods display limited variations in major and trace element relative abundances, indicating derivation from a relatively homogeneous mantle source. The results of quantitative modelling of geochemical data is consistent with the view that the primary melts from which these mafic alkaline rocks were originated are the products of relatively small degrees (~3-7%) of partial melting of a volatile-bearing, metasomatized mantle source. The magmatism is likely the result of extension-driven mantle upwelling

Evaluation of knowledge and attitudes of the faculty of medicine students about human papillomavirus infections, related cancers, and human papillomavirus vaccines

Background and Design: The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a non-enveloped DNA virus infecting skin and mucosal surfaces and causes one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. Thus, physicians must know about HPV infections, associated cancers, and immunization for public health. This study aimed to determine the knowledge of medical faculty students about HPV infections, related cancers, and vaccines and examine related variables. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study included all students in the first to fifth grades of the faculty of medicine. Data were collected with a two-part questionnaire consisting of 37 questions. Questionnaires were filled voluntarily. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 18.0. Results: The study included 250 medical students, and 52.4% (n=131) were men. While 95.6% (n=239) stated that they were aware of HPV, only 39.2% thought that they had sufficient knowledge. The most important sources of information were lectures and the Internet. Only 3.6% (n=9) of the students had been vaccinated against HPV. The most important reason (58%) for not being vaccinated was not having heard of the HPV vaccine before or not knowing someone who had it, and the other important reason was economics. Nearly 80% of the students thought that HPV vaccines should be included in routine vaccination. While 60% of the students stated that they would get an HPV vaccine if a free vaccine is provided, the lack of sufficient information was cited as the most important reason (45%) against the widespread use. Conclusion: The knowledge of medical school students about HPV infection and vaccines was not very sufficient, and the vaccination rate was low. Our results suggest that HPV-related courses in medical education and reimbursement of vaccines by health authorities require some adjustments in the core education curriculum and national health policies

Post-collisional Tertiary–Quaternary mafic alkalic magmatism in the Carpathian–Pannonian region: a review

Mafic alkalic volcanism was widespread in the Carpathian–Pannonian region (CPR) between 11 and 0.2 Ma. It followed the Miocene continental collision of the Alcapa and Tisia blocks with the European plate, as subduction-related calc-alkaline magmatism was waning. Several groups of mafic alkalic rocks from different regions within the CPR have been distinguished on the basis of ages and/or trace-element compositions. Their trace element and Sr–Nd–Pb isotope systematics are consistent with derivation from complex mantle-source regions, which included both depleted asthenosphere and metasomatized lithosphere. The mixing of DMM-HIMU-EMII mantle components within asthenosphere-derived magmas indicates variable contamination of the shallow asthenosphere and/or thermal boundary layer of the lithosphere by a HIMU-like component prior to and following the introduction of subduction components. Various mantle sources have been identified: Lower lithospheric mantle modified by several ancient asthenospheric enrichments (source A); Young asthenospheric plumes with OIB-like trace element signatures that are either isotopically enriched (source B) or variably depleted (source C); Old upper asthenosphere heterogeneously contaminated by DM-HIMU-EMII-EMI components and slightly influenced by Miocene subduction-related enrichment (source D); Old upper asthenosphere heterogeneously contaminated by DM-HIMU-EMII components and significantly influenced by Miocene subduction-related enrichment (source E). Melt generation was initiated either by: (i) finger-like young asthenospheric plumes rising to and heating up the base of the lithosphere (below the Alcapa block), or (ii) decompressional melting of old asthenosphere upwelling to replace any lower lithosphere or heating and melting former subducted slabs (the Tisia block)

Geochemistry and tectonic development of Cenozoic magmatism in the Carpathian–Pannonian region

This review considers the magmatic processes in the Carpathian–Pannonian Region (CPR) from Early Miocene to Recent times, as well as the contemporaneous magmatism at its southern boundary in the Dinaride and Balkans regions. This geodynamic system was controlled by the Cretaceous to Neogene subduction and collision of Africa with Eurasia, especially by Adria that generated the Alps to the north, the Dinaride–Hellenide belt to the east and caused extrusion, collision and inversion tectonics in the CPR. This long-lived subduction system supplied the mantle lithosphere with various subduction components. The CPR contains magmatic rocks of highly diverse compositions (calc-alkaline, K-alkalic, ultrapotassic and Na-alkalic), all generated in response to complex post-collisional tectonic processes. These processes formed extensional basins in response to an interplay of compression and extension within two microplates: ALCAPA and Tisza–Dacia. Competition between the different tectonic processes at both local and regional scales caused variations in the associated magmatism, mainly as a result of extension and differences in the rheological properties and composition of the lithosphere. Extension led to disintegration of the microplates that finally developed into two basin systems: the Pannonian and Transylvanian basins. The southern border of the CPR is edged by the Adria microplate via Sava and Vardar zones that acted as regional transcurrent tectonic areas during Miocene–Recent times. Major, trace element and isotopic data of post-Early Miocene magmatic rocks from the CPR suggest that subduction components were preserved in the lithospheric mantle after the Cretaceous–Miocene subduction and were reactivated especially by extensional tectonic processes that allowed uprise of the asthenosphere. Changes in the composition of the mantle through time support geodynamic scenarios of post-collision and extension processes linked to the evolution of the main blocks and their boundary relations. Weak lithospheric blocks (i.e. ALCAPA and western Tisza) generated the Pannonian basin and the adjacent Styrian, Transdanubian and Zărand basins which show high rates of vertical movement accompanied by a range of magmatic compositions. Strong lithospheric blocks (i.e. Dacia) were only marginally deformed, where strike–slip faulting was associated with magmatism and extension. At the boundary of Adria and Tisza–Dacia strike–slip tectonics and core complex extension were associated with small volume Miocene magmatism in narrow extensional sedimentary basins or granitoids in core-complex detachment systems along older suture zones (Sava and Vardar) accommodating the extension in the Pannonian basin and afterward Pliocene–Quaternary inversion. Magmas of various compositions appear to have acted as lubricants in a range of tectonic processes