37 research outputs found
A systematic review of interventions targeting modifiable factors that impact dietary intake in athletes
Appropriate dietary intake has been found to positively impact athletesâ performance, body composition and recovery from exercise. Strategies to optimise dietary intake often involve targeting one or more of the many factors that are known to influence dietary intake. This review aims to investigate the types and effectiveness of interventions used to impact modifiable factors of dietary intake in athletes. MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science were searched from inception to May 2022 for intervention studies that measured dietary intake with a quantitative tool and explored at least one factor thought to influence the dietary intake of adult athletes. Study quality was assessed using the ADA Quality Criteria Checklist: Primary Research. Twenty-four studies were included. The most common interventions focused on nutrition education (n 10), macronutrient adjustment (n 7) and physical activity (n 5). The three most common factors thought to influence dietary intake addressed were nutrition knowledge (n 12), hunger and appetite (n 8), and body composition (n 4). Significant changes in dietary intake were found in sixteen studies, with nutrition education interventions returning significant results in the largest proportion of studies (n 8). Study quality within this review was mostly average (n 4 80 %). As studies included were published between 1992 and 2021, interventions and factors explored in older studies may require up-to-date research to investigate possible differences in results due to time-related confounders
Epidemiology of alcohol-related emergency hospital admissions in children and adolescents: an e-cohort analysis in Wales in 2006-2011
Funding: This work was supported by funds from the Economic and Social Research Council, the Medical Research Council and Alcohol Research UK to the ELAStiC Project (ES/L015471/1). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Data Availability: The data used in this study are available in the SAIL databank at Swansea University, Swansea, UK. All proposals to use SAIL data are subject to review by an independent Information Governance Review Panel (IGRP). Before any data can be accessed, approval must be given by the IGRP. The IGRP gives careful consideration to each project to ensure proper and appropriate use of SAIL data. When access has been granted, it is gained through a privacy-protecting safe haven and remote access system referred to as the SAIL Gateway. SAIL has established an application process to be followed by anyone who would like to access data via SAIL https://www.saildatabank.com/application-process.Peer reviewedPublisher PD
Does the understanding of complex dynamic events at 10 months predict vocabulary development?
By the end of their first year, infants can interpret many different types of complex dynamic visual events, such as caused-motion, chasing, and goal-directed action. Infants of this age are also in the early stages of vocabulary development, producing their first words at around 12 months. The present work examined whether there are meaningful individual differences in infantsâ ability to represent dynamic causal events in visual scenes, and whether these differences influence vocabulary development. As part of the longitudinal Language 0â5 Project, 78 10-month-old infants were tested on their ability to interpret three dynamic motion events, involving (a) caused-motion, (b) chasing behaviour, and (c) goal-directed movement. Planned analyses found that infants showed evidence of understanding the first two event types, but not the third. Looking behaviour in each task was not meaningfully related to vocabulary development, nor were there any correlations between the tasks. The results of additional exploratory analyses and simulations suggested that the infantsâ understanding of each event may not be predictive of their vocabulary development, and that looking times in these tasks may not be reliably capturing any meaningful individual differences in their knowledge. This raises questions about how to convert experimental group designs to individual differences measures, and how to interpret infant looking time behaviour
Understanding cooperation through fitness interdependence
Some acts of human cooperation are not easily explained by traditional models of kinship or reciprocity. Fitness interdependence may provide a unifying conceptual framework, in which cooperation arises from the mutual dependence for survival or reproduction, as occurs among mates, risk-pooling partnerships and brothers-in-arms
A 22-year Southern Sky Survey for Transient and Variable Radio Sources using the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope
We describe a 22-year survey for variable and transient radio sources,
performed with archival images taken with the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis
Telescope (MOST). This survey covers 2775 \unit{deg^2} of the sky south of
at an observing frequency of 843 MHz, an angular
resolution of 45 \times 45 \csc | \delta| \unit{arcsec^2} and a sensitivity
of 5 \sigma \geq 14 \unit{mJy beam^{-1}}. We describe a technique to
compensate for image gain error, along with statistical techniques to check and
classify variability in a population of light curves, with applicability to any
image-based radio variability survey. Among radio light curves for almost 30000
sources, we present 53 highly variable sources and 15 transient sources. Only 3
of the transient sources, and none of the variable sources have been previously
identified as transient or variable. Many of our variable sources are suspected
scintillating Active Galactic Nuclei. We have identified three variable sources
and one transient source that are likely to be associated with star forming
galaxies at , but whose implied luminosity is higher than the
most luminous known radio supernova (SN1979C) by an order of magnitude. We also
find a class of variable and transient source with no optical counterparts.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. 34 pages, 30 figures, 7 table
Learning to generalise but not segment an artificial language at 17 months predicts childrenâs language skills 3 years later
We investigated whether learning an artificial language at 17 months was predictive of childrenâs natural language vocabulary and grammar skills at 54 months. Children at 17 months listened to an artificial language containing non-adjacent dependencies, and were then tested on their learning to segment and to generalise the structure of the language. At 54 months, children were then tested on a range of standardised natural language tasks that assessed receptive and expressive vocabulary and grammar. A structural equation model demonstrated that learning the artificial language generalisation at 17 months predicted language abilities â a composite of vocabulary and grammar skills â at 54 months, whereas artificial language segmentation at 17 months did not predict language abilities at this age. Artificial language learning tasks â especially those that probe grammar learning â provide a valuable tool for uncovering the mechanisms driving childrenâs early language development
West Nile Virusâassociated Flaccid Paralysis
The causes and frequency of acute paralysis and respiratory failure with West Nile virus (WNV) infection are incompletely understood. During the summer and fall of 2003, we conducted a prospective, population-based study among residents of a 3-county area in Colorado, United States, with developing WNV-associated paralysis. Thirty-two patients with developing paralysis and acute WNV infection were identified. Causes included a poliomyelitislike syndrome in 27 (84%) patients and a Guillain-BarrĂ©âlike syndrome in 4 (13%); 1 had brachial plexus involvement alone. The incidence of poliomyelitislike syndrome was 3.7/100,000. Twelve patients (38%), including 1 with Guillain-BarrĂ©âlike syndrome, had acute respiratory failure that required endotracheal intubation. At 4 months, 3 patients with respiratory failure died, 2 remained intubated, 25 showed various degrees of improvement, and 2 were lost to followup. A poliomyelitislike syndrome likely involving spinal anterior horn cells is the most common mechanism of WNV-associated paralysis and is associated with significant short- and long-term illness and death
The Great Escape: How Exoplanets and Smaller Bodies Desert Dying Stars
Mounting discoveries of extrasolar planets orbiting post-main sequence stars
motivate studies aimed at understanding the fate of these planets. In the
traditional "adiabatic" approximation, a secondary's eccentricity remains
constant during stellar mass loss. Here, we remove this approximation,
investigate the full two-body point-mass problem with isotropic mass loss, and
illustrate the resulting dynamical evolution. The magnitude and duration of a
star's mass loss combined with a secondary's initial orbital characteristics
might provoke ejection, modest eccentricity pumping, or even circularisation of
the orbit. We conclude that Oort clouds and wide-separation planets may be
dynamically ejected from 1-7 Solar-mass parent stars during AGB evolution. The
vast majority of planetary material which survives a supernova from a 7-20
Solar-mass progenitor will be dynamically ejected from the system, placing
limits on the existence of first-generation pulsar planets. Planets around >20
Solar-mass black hole progenitors may easily survive or readily be ejected
depending on the core collapse and superwind models applied. Material ejected
during stellar evolution might contribute significantly to the free-floating
planetary population.Comment: 23 pages, 16 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
Non-Standard Errors
In statistics, samples are drawn from a population in a data-generating process (DGP). Standard errors measure the uncertainty in estimates of population parameters. In science, evidence is generated to test hypotheses in an evidence-generating process (EGP). We claim that EGP variation across researchers adds uncertainty: Non-standard errors (NSEs). We study NSEs by letting 164 teams test the same hypotheses on the same data. NSEs turn out to be sizable, but smaller for better reproducible or higher rated research. Adding peer-review stages reduces NSEs. We further find that this type of uncertainty is underestimated by participants
Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.
BACKGROUND: A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. METHODS: This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5âĂâ1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1â-ârelative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. FINDINGS: Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23â848 participants were enrolled and 11â636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0-75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4-97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8-80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74â341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3-4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. INTERPRETATION: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lemann Foundation, Rede D'Or, Brava and Telles Foundation, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca