Necesidades físico-espaciales para la propuesta de un edificio de oficinas para servicios profesionales en el distrito de Tarapoto , provincia y región de San Martín

El presente trabajo de investigación se sustenta en la necesidad de proponer un edificio de oficinas que concentre a los diversos profesionales con mayor demanda en los servicios que hoy en día ofrecen en el Distrito de Tarapoto, buscando el mejoramiento de la imagen urbana que ve deteriorada a consecuencia de la informalidad y la falta de planificación que existen en estos profesionales al proponer sus oficinas dispersas en todo el Distrito de Tarapoto, sumando a ello, trae como consecuencia otra serie de problemas de carácter urbano por las diferentes actividades afines que se generan en el sector. Así mismo, estas oficinas al ser adaptadas en viviendas donde no ha sido planificada para oficinas, traen una serie de problemas e incomodidades a los usuarios externos al momento de acudir a solicitar los servicios profesionales, por tanto, ante esta negativa, se realizó la investigación sobre de las Necesidades Físico-Espaciales para la propuesta de un edificio de oficinas para servicios profesionales en el Distrito de Tarapoto, Provincia y Región de San Martin”. Para tener un acercamiento al tema se recopilo fundamentos teóricos como: La percepción del espacio, la psicología ambiental en el espacio, el confort humano y sus requerimientos bioclimático y finalmente la teoría de la jerarquía de necesidades de un ser humano según Maslow. Así mismo, se empleó el tipo de investigación aplicada con enfoque cualitativo y nivel de profundidad descriptivo, con un diseño de investigación no experimental, empleándose el muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple a 50 profesionales de los 80 existen como población, los cuales, se les aplico la técnica de encuesta, con el fin de conocer las necesidades físico espaciales para la propuesta un edificio de oficinas para servicios profesionales , determinándose el tipo, cantidad y las condiciones de los ambientes según las actividades que se realizan en las diferentes zonas para ser plasmados en la propuesta arquitectónica. Así mismo se empleó el muestreo no probabilístico por juicio deliberado para entrevista hacia personas especialistas al tema

Domestication-induced reduction in eye size revealed in multiple common garden experiments: The case of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Domestication leads to changes in traits that are under directional selection in breeding programmes, though unintentional changes in nonproduction traits can also arise. In offspring of escaping fish and any hybrid progeny, such unintentionally altered traits may reduce fitness in the wild. Atlantic salmon breeding programmes were established in the early 1970s, resulting in genetic changes in multiple traits. However, the impact of domestication on eye size has not been studied. We measured body size corrected eye size in 4000 salmon from six common garden experiments conducted under artificial and natural conditions, in freshwater and saltwater environments, in two countries. Within these common gardens, offspring of domesticated and wild parents were crossed to produce 11 strains, with varying genetic backgrounds (wild, domesticated, F1 hybrids, F2 hybrids and backcrosses). Size-adjusted eye size was influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Domesticated fish reared under artificial conditions had smaller adjusted eye size when compared to wild fish reared under identical conditions, in both the freshwater and marine environments, and in both Irish and Norwegian experiments. However, in parr that had been introduced into a river environment shortly after hatching and sampled at the end of their first summer, differences in adjusted eye size observed among genetic groups were of a reduced magnitude and were nonsignificant in 2-year-old sea migrating smolts sampled in the river immediately prior to sea entry. Collectively, our findings could suggest that where natural selection is present, individuals with reduced eye size are maladapted and consequently have reduced fitness, building on our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie a well-documented reduction in the fitness of the progeny of domesticated salmon, including hybrid progeny, in the wild

The Transcription Factor ArcA Modulates Salmonella’s Metabolism in Response to Neutrophil Hypochlorous Acid-Mediated Stress

Indexación: ScopusSalmonella Typhimurium, a bacterial pathogen with high metabolic plasticity, can adapt to different environmental conditions; these traits enhance its virulence by enabling bacterial survival. Neutrophils play important roles in the innate immune response, including the production of microbicidal reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, the myeloperoxidase in neutrophils catalyzes the formation of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a highly toxic molecule that reacts with essential biomolecules, causing oxidative damage including lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation. The bacterial response regulator ArcA regulates adaptive responses to oxygen levels and influences the survival of Salmonella inside phagocytic cells. Here, we demonstrate by whole transcriptomic analyses that ArcA regulates genes related to various metabolic pathways, enabling bacterial survival during HOCl-stress in vitro. Also, inside neutrophils, ArcA controls the transcription of several metabolic pathways by downregulating the expression of genes related to fatty acid degradation, lysine degradation, and arginine, proline, pyruvate, and propanoate metabolism. ArcA also upregulates genes encoding components of the oxidative pathway. These results underscore the importance of ArcA in ATP generation inside the neutrophil phagosome and its participation in bacterial metabolic adaptations during HOCl stress. © Copyright © 2019 Pardo-Esté, Castro-Severyn, Krüger, Cabezas, Briones, Aguirre, Morales, Baquedano, Sulbaran, Hidalgo, Meneses, Poblete-Castro, Castro-Nallar, Valvano and Saavedra.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02754/ful

Determining crystal structures through crowdsourcing and coursework

We show here that computer game players can build high-quality crystal structures. Introduction of a new feature into the computer game Foldit allows players to build and real-space refine structures into electron density maps. To assess the usefulness of this feature, we held a crystallographic model-building competition between trained crystallographers, undergraduate students, Foldit players and automatic model-building algorithms. After removal of disordered residues, a team of Foldit players achieved the most accurate structure. Analysing the target protein of the competition, YPL067C, uncovered a new family of histidine triad proteins apparently involved in the prevention of amyloid toxicity. From this study, we conclude that crystallographers can utilize crowdsourcing to interpret electron density information and to produce structure solutions of the highest quality

Measuring and Predicting Hydroxyl Radical Generation From Irradiated TiO2 Nanoparticles Under Simulated Environmental Conditions and Correlations to \u3ci\u3eDaphnia magna\u3c/i\u3e Toxicity

Interest in inclusion of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in a multitude of industrial and personal products has driven production over the past two decades. Concurrent with increases in nanoparticle production, an increase in nanoparticle movement from use to environment can be expected. Particular concern is focused on TiO2 nanoparticles moving to freshwater compartments. Inherent photocatalytic nanoparticle properties generate reactive oxygen species upon exposure to water, oxygen, and ultraviolet light. While this particular feature is utilized for surface-cleaning and pollution mitigating applications, it poses a significant risk to organisms exposed to these nanoparticles. This risk can be difficult to quantify, exhibited by the variation in toxicity reports from various labs. These variations are a result of differing conditions. Environmental factors such as presence of natural organic matter (NOM), intensity of ultraviolet (UV) light, and the wavelengths of UV light exposure will affect toxicity as well as physical characteristics of the nanoparticle, including size and crystallinity. These variations impart uncertainty to toxicity measurements creating a knowledge gap regarding conditional effects acting on TiO2 to modulate toxicity. The goal of the present research was to develop a comprehensive understanding of the effects that environmentally relevant conditions have on TiO2 radical generation and correlate these conditionally affected rate changes to toxicity measurements. To accomplish these goals, a systematic approach of a full factorial exposure design to quantify the interacting effects of simulated environmental conditions on irradiated TiO2 nanoparticles at eight TiO2 concentrations, five NOM concentrations (measured as dissolved organic carbon), and four UV-A intensities was utilized. Radicals generated by irradiated TiO2 were characterized as hydroxyl radicals using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectroscopy. The exposure conditions were characterized and compared to existing literature and natural conditions. The changes in hydroxyl radical generation rates were monitored using fluorescence spectroscopy. Linear regression techniques were used to determine how the conditional effects regulated hydroxyl generation rate. A number of trends were well correlated with conditions. Rate of hydroxyl generation was positively correlated with concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles as a result of increased total available surfaces for photon impingement. Increases in light intensity were likewise positively correlated to increases in hydroxyl generation rate, a result of a greater number of photons interacting with the nanoparticle surface. The reciprocal interaction of these conditions demonstrates classic phototoxic behavior wherein a low concentration of TiO2 and a high intensity of UV-A generates an equivalent response compared to high concentrations of TiO2 and low intensities of UV-A. This reciprocal effect is complicated by the addition of NOM. Increasing total amounts of NOM to suspensions results in decreased hydroxyl generation rate. Decreased generation rates are related to the large number of oxidizable functionalities that exist within the NOM conglomeration of molecules. Readily available functionalities can competitively quench radicals, resulting in the attenuated hydroxyl generation rate measurements. Additional rate reduction as a result of coating effects and aggregation/agglomeration to reduce available surface area may also occur