Relaciones planta-plaga-nematodos ftoparásitos: ¿podemos esperar una respuesta consistente de la planta frente a los mismos, o quien pega primero pega dos veces?

Las plantas reaccionan al ataque de patógenos y plagas mediante cambios fisiológicos y bioquímicos para combatirlos. Dichos cambios pueden ser localizados en la zona de interacción, o sistémicos, por lo que pueden afectar a otros organismos que interaccionen con las plantas en tejidos distales. En esta revisión se presenta en primer lugar, el efecto que los nematodos endoparásitos sedentarios de la raíz, principalmente del género Meloidogyne spp., provocan en la fisiología de sus plantas hospedadoras. Además, analizamos resultados recientes sobre el impacto de la infección de las raíces por los nematodos en las interacciones de las plantas con insectos plaga de la parte aérea; así como el impacto que las plagas de la parte aérea ejercen sobre las interacciones planta-nematodoPostprint (published version

Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) and Fe Deficiency Responses in Dicot Plants

Plants develop responses to abiotic stresses, like Fe deficiency. Similarly, plants also develop responses to cope with biotic stresses provoked by biological agents, like pathogens and insects. Some of these responses are limited to the infested damaged organ, but other responses systemically spread far from the infested organ and affect the whole plant. These latter responses include the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) and the Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR). SAR is induced by pathogens and insects while ISR is mediated by beneficial microbes living in the rhizosphere, like bacteria and fungi. These root-associated mutualistic microbes, besides impacting on plant nutrition and growth, can further boost plant defenses, rendering the entire plant more resistant to pathogens and pests. In the last years, it has been found that ISReliciting microbes can induce both physiological and morphological responses to Fe deficiency in dicot plants. These results suggest that the regulation of both ISR and Fe deficiency responses overlap, at least partially. Indeed, several hormones and signaling molecules, like ethylene (ET), auxin, and nitric oxide (NO), and the transcription factor MYB72, emerged as key regulators of both processes. This convergence between ISR and Fe deficiency responses opens the way to the use of ISR-eliciting microbes as Fe biofertilizers as well as biopesticides. This review summarizes the progress in the understanding of the molecular overlap in the regulation of ISR and Fe deficiency responses in dicot plants. Root-associated mutualistic microbes, rhizobacteria and rhizofungi species, known for their ability to induce morphological and/or physiological responses to Fe deficiency in dicot plant species are also reviewed herei

The Lipoxygenase Lox1 Is Involved in Light‐ and Injury-Response, Conidiation, and Volatile Organic Compound Biosynthesis in the Mycoparasitic Fungus Trichoderma atroviride

18 páginas, 10 figuras. -- The first publication by Frontiers Media is avalilable at https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.02004/fullThe necrotrophic mycoparasite Trichoderma atroviride is a biological pest control agent frequently applied in agriculture for the protection of plants against fungal phytopathogens. One of the main secondary metabolites produced by this fungus is 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6-PP). 6-PP is an organic compound with antifungal and plant growth-promoting activities, whose biosynthesis was previously proposed to involve a lipoxygenase (Lox). In this study, we investigated the role of the single lipoxygenase-encoding gene lox1 encoded in the T. atroviride genome by targeted gene deletion. We found that light inhibits 6-PP biosynthesis but lox1 is dispensable for 6-PP production as well as for the ability of T. atroviride to parasitize and antagonize host fungi. However, we found Lox1 to be involved in T. atroviride conidiation in darkness, in injury-response, in the production of several metabolites, including oxylipins and volatile organic compounds, as well as in the induction of systemic resistance against the plant-pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Our findings give novel insights into the roles of a fungal Ile-group lipoxygenase and expand the understanding of a light-dependent role of these enzymes.This research was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF; grant P32179-B), Tyrolean Science Fund (TWF; grant number AP718021) and the doctoral program BioApp from the University of InnsbruckPeer reviewe

Nutrient status not secondary metabolites drives herbivory and pathogen infestation across differently mycorrhized tree monocultures and mixtures.

14 páginas, 3 figuras, 2 tablasResearch aimed at understanding the mechanisms underlying the relationship between tree diversity and antagonist infestation is often neglecting resource-use complementarity among plant species. We investigated the effects of tree species identity, species richness, and mycorrhizal type on leaf herbivory and pathogen infestation. We used a tree sapling experiment manipulating the two most common mycorrhizal types, arbuscular mycorrhiza and ectomycorrhiza, via respective tree species in monocultures and two-species mixtures. We visually assessed leaf herbivory and pathogen infestation rates, and measured concentrations of a suite of plant metabolites (amino acids, sugars, and phenolics), leaf elemental concentrations (carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus), and tree biomass. Tree species and mycorrhizal richness had no significant effect on herbivory and pathogen infestation, whereas species identity and mycorrhizal type had. Damage rates were higher in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) than in ectomycorrhizal (EM) trees. Our structural equation model (SEM) indicated that elemental, but not metabolite concentrations, determined herbivory and pathogen infestation, suggesting that the investigated chemical defence strategies may not have been involved in the effects found in our study with tree saplings. Other chemical and physical defence strategies as well as species identity as its determinant may have played a more crucial role in the studied saplings. Furthermore, the SEM indicated a direct positive effect of AM trees on herbivory rates, suggesting that other dominant mechanisms, not considered here, were involved as well. We found differences in the attribution of elemental concentrations between the two rates. This points to the fact that herbivory and pathogen infestation are driven by distinct mechanisms. Our study highlights the importance of biotic contexts for understanding the mechanisms underlying the effects of biodiversity on tree-antagonist interactionsWe thank Nicole M. van Dam, Henriette Uthe, Fredd Vergara, Martin Volf, and Alexander Weinhold for their valuable advice on metabolite analyses as well as Beate Rothe and Michael Reichelt for their help with chemical analyses. Moreover, comments by two anonymous reviewers helped to improve the paper. This work was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement no. 677232). Further support came from the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig and the EcoMetEoR platform, funded by the German Research Foundation (FZT 118). AMM acknowledges support from the program for attracting talent to Salamanca from Fundación Salamanca Ciudad de Cultura y Saberes and Ayuntamiento de Salamanca.Peer reviewe

Mycorrhiza induced resistance against pests: from the lab to the field

1 página - Conferencia invitada presentada en Iberian Plant Biology 2023. XVIII Portuguese-Spanish Congress on Plant Biology and the XXV Meeting of the Spanish Society of Plant Biology. 9-12 Julio 2023, Braga, PortugalArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can prime plant defences increasing their resistance against pathogens and insect herbivores. Using tomato as a model, we have shown that inoculation with different AMF reduces the performance of the chewing herbivore Spodoptera exigua and the leaf miner Tuta absoluta. Transcriptomic and metabolomics analyses revealed that this Mycorrhiza Induced Resistance (MIR) is associated to boosted activation of plant direct and indirect defences in response to the attackers. We found primed accumulation in attacked leaves of antiherbivore metabolites, including alkaloids and polyamine conjugates, and functional analyses demonstrated that some of the identified compounds significantly inhibit herbivore development. In addition, the symbiosis altered the volatile blends released by the plant, and enhanced the attraction of natural enemies of the pests (Nesidiocoris tenuis, commonly used in biocontrol programs). Finally, networks analyses allowed the identification of key regulators of the primed response within the jasmonic acid and ethylene signalling pathways. Despite the many studies showing induced resistance by microorganisms in different plant‐pest systems, the variability in the protection achieved under agronomic settings is hindering the application of this strategy in agriculture. Plant‐microbe‐herbivore interactions are highly context dependent, with multiple biotic and abiotic factors influencing the final output. Identifying such factors is essential to optimize the application of microbial inoculants for crop protection in agriculture. We found that the plant genotype and nutrient availability are important drivers of the context dependency of MIR in tomato. Despite of the variability, comparisons across different experimental scales, from controlled lab set‐ups to commercial production conditions, confirmed that MIR can be achieved under crop production conditions and is compatible with other biocontrol methods. Accordingly, MIR can be a relevant addition to current Integrated Pest Management Programs

InnoCOVID-19: Primer congreso multidisciplinar Innocampus

[EN] The main objective of the educational innovation project Innocampus Explora is to show the existing interrelationship between the different scientific and technical degrees of Burjassot-Paterna campus of the University of Valencia. In this paper we present the InnoCOVID-19 Congress, activity organized during the 2020-21 academic year by the work team, made up of students and professors from all the Campus faculties.The objective of this conference, developed in virtual format, was to present the multidisciplinary projects that were formed on campus in response to the health crisis caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. This activity contributes to a quality transversal training for all participating students.[ES] El proyecto de innovación educativa Innocampus Explora tiene como objetivo principal mostrar la interrelación existente entre los diferentes grados científicos y técnicos del campus de Burjassot-Paterna de la Universitat de València. En este artículo presentamos el congreso InnoCOVID-19, la actividad organizada durante el curso académico 2020-21 por el equipo de trabajo, integrado por estudiantes y profesores de todas las facultades y escuelas. El objetivo de este congreso, desarrollado en formato virtual, ha sido presentar los proyectos multidisciplinares que se han formado en el campus en respuesta a la crisis sanitaria provocada por el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Esta actividad contribuye a una formación transversal de calidad para todos los estudiantes participantes.Proyecto UV-SFPIE PIC-1363315 financiado por el Servei de Formació Permanent i Innovació Educativa de la Universitat de València.Amorós Hernández, L.; Blas Medina, A.; Cervera Sanz, M.; Cosme Llópez, E.; García Gil, R.; García Lázaro, S.; García Robles, I.... (2021). InnoCOVID-19: Primer congreso multidisciplinar Innocampus. En IN-RED 2021: VII Congreso de Innovación Edicativa y Docencia en Red. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 1171-1182. https://doi.org/10.4995/INRED2021.2021.13449OCS1171118

Revisitando el cine documental: de Flaherty al webdoc

En los últimos tiempos, y propiciado por el auge de la imagen digital, el género documental ha liderado una importante renovación en sus formas cinematográficas indagando en nuevos lenguajes para la imagen contemporánea. Desdibujando por completo los límites entre la ficción y la no ficción, el documental contemporáneo ha fraccionado algunas de las convenciones asociadas al género, encontrando fácil acomodo entre lo narrativo, lo observacional, lo etnográfico, lo ensayístico, la videocreación, lo autobiográfico y, obviamente, lo experimental. Tras décadas de constante mutación, el cine documental se nos presenta como un fascinante territorio de exploración fílmica, aportando una reflexión sobre las fronteras actuales del lenguaje cinematográfico y que requiere a su vez un nuevo tipo de mirada desde el ámbito académico. Dispuestas así las cosas, el presente libro se propone revisitar el género documental y recoger experiencias e investigaciones que, desde diferentes planteamientos, buscan reflexionar sobre la evolución del propio género desde un enfoque multidisciplinar. De este modo, se pretende establecer un estado de la cuestión con textos vinculados a los disímiles modos de abordar el documental a lo largo de su dilatada historia: estudios historiográficos, análisis fílmicos sustentados en ejemplos concretos de películas o directores de especial interés, investigaciones que ponen en relieve la influencia y consecuencia de la evolución de la tecnología digital e Internet, así como la evolución e innovación en los modos de producción, exhibición y/o distribución por los que el documental ha transitado.Este Libro se ha realizado dentro del Grupo de Investigación GIU 13/21 (2013-2016), MAC (Mutaciones del Audiovisual Contemporáneo) de la Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU).La redacción del capítulo "Un lugar ético para las imágenes documentales (en el contexto de las ciencias sociales) / Josetxo Cerdán Los Arcos" fue posible gracias al proyecto de investigación CSO2010/15798 (TRANSCINE), financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación del Gobierno de España. -- La redacción del capítulo "Documentalidad. Cine sin autoría, pedagogías visuales colectivas y valor afectivo / Virginia Villaplana Ruiz" fue posible gracias al proyecto de investigación eDCINEMA: "Hacia el Espacio Digital Europeo", financiado por el Plan Nacional de I+D+i del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. Ref. CSO2012-35784. -- La redacción del capítulo "Cosas que hacen crack. Emociones y cinefilia en Color perro que huye (Andrés Duque, 2011) / Miguel Fernández Labayen y Elena Oroz" se ha realizado en el marco del proyecto de investigación CSO2010-15798 (TRANSCINE), "El audiovisual español contemporáneo en el contexto transnacional: aproximaciones cualitativas a sus relaciones transfronterizas", financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad del Gobierno de España. -- El capítulo "Aproximación a la no ficción interactiva: panorámica del webdocumental español en la era digital / Robert Arnau Roselló" ha sido financiado con la ayuda del Proyecto de Investigación de la convocatoria Universitat Jaume I-Bancaja, con el título "Análisis de los flujos de transferencia de conocimiento entre los sistemas educativos superiores y la industria del videojuego", código 11I301.01/1, bajo la dirección del Dr. Javier Marzal Felici.Prólogo / J.M. Català Domènech (pp. 9-14). -- Un lugar ético para las imágenes documentales (en el contexto de las ciencias sociales) / Josetxo Cerdán Los Arcos (pp. 17-32). -- Documentalidad. Cine sin autoría, pedagogías visuales colectivas y valor afectivo / Virginia Villaplana Ruiz (pp. 33-54). -- Diseño de títulos en documental: cuestión de etiqueta / Koldo Atxaga Arnedo (pp. 55-65). -- La creación del documental: archivo, recreaciones y entrevistas / Mónica del Sagrario Medina Cuevas y Alejandro Jiménez Arrazquito (pp. 67-76). -- Desterritorialización, modulación y puntos de inflexión en el documental contemporáneo español / Vanesa Fernández Guerra y Estibaliz Alonso Ruiz de Erentzun (pp. 79-103). -- La propuesta de vertebración del Novo Cine Galego: lo procesual y la marca documental / Fernando Redondo Neira y Xurxo González Rodríguez (pp. 105-126). -- Revisión de la etiqueta "Novo Cinema Galego". Testimonios de autor / Beli Martínez Martínez (pp. 127-152). -- El cine de no ficción en los cortometrajes de Kimuak: evoluación, tendencias y nuevas propuestas creativas / Ainhoa Fernández de Arroyabe Olaorut, Nekane E. Zubiaur Gorozika y Iñaki Lazkano Arrillaga (pp. 153-179). -- Cosas que hacen "crack". Emociones y cinefilia en Color perro que huye (Andrés Duque, 2011) / Miguel Fernández Labayen y Elena Oroz (pp. 181- 204). -- Estudio evolutivo del lenguaje narrativo, desde los primeros documentales a las transmedia / Begoña Gutiérrez San Miguel (pp. 207-244). -- La participación ciudadana en el documental colaborativo: hacia nuevas narrativas audiovisuales / Gloria Rosique Cedillo (pp. 245-263). -- Del documental lineal al webdocumental: enunciación y experiencia espectatorial en Gare du Nord de Claire Simon / Amanda Rueda (pp. 265-274). -- El documental multimedia interactivo. Un estudio de caso: En el reino del plomo (En Portada y Lab de RTVE.es, 2013) / Irene Liberia Vayá y Cristina Pérez de Algaba Chicano (pp. 275-299). -- Aproximación a la no ficción interactiva: panorámica del webdocumental español en la era digital / Robert Arnau Roselló (pp. 301-323)

Evolving trends in the management of acute appendicitis during COVID-19 waves. The ACIE appy II study

Background: In 2020, ACIE Appy study showed that COVID-19 pandemic heavily affected the management of patients with acute appendicitis (AA) worldwide, with an increased rate of non-operative management (NOM) strategies and a trend toward open surgery due to concern of virus transmission by laparoscopy and controversial recommendations on this issue. The aim of this study was to survey again the same group of surgeons to assess if any difference in management attitudes of AA had occurred in the later stages of the outbreak. Methods: From August 15 to September 30, 2021, an online questionnaire was sent to all 709 participants of the ACIE Appy study. The questionnaire included questions on personal protective equipment (PPE), local policies and screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection, NOM, surgical approach and disease presentations in 2021. The results were compared with the results from the previous study. Results: A total of 476 answers were collected (response rate 67.1%). Screening policies were significatively improved with most patients screened regardless of symptoms (89.5% vs. 37.4%) with PCR and antigenic test as the preferred test (74.1% vs. 26.3%). More patients tested positive before surgery and commercial systems were the preferred ones to filter smoke plumes during laparoscopy. Laparoscopic appendicectomy was the first option in the treatment of AA, with a declined use of NOM. Conclusion: Management of AA has improved in the last waves of pandemic. Increased evidence regarding SARS-COV-2 infection along with a timely healthcare systems response has been translated into tailored attitudes and a better care for patients with AA worldwide

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

The impact of Spodoptera exigua herbivory on Meloidogyne incognita-induced root responses depends on the nematodes’ life cycle stages

13 páginas, 4 figurasInduced responses to above-ground and below-ground herbivores may interact via systemic signalling in plants. We investigated whether the impact of above-ground herbivory on root-knot nematode-induced responses depends on the nematode’s life cycle stages. Tomato plants were infected with the nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) for 5, 15 or 30 days before receiving Spodoptera exigua caterpillars above-ground. We collected root materials after 24 h of caterpillar feeding. We investigated phytohormones and α-tomatine levels, and the expression of defence and glycoalkaloid metabolism (GAME) marker genes in tomato roots. Nematode infection alone increased the endogenous root levels of jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), α-tomatine and the expression of the GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM 1 (GAME1) gene mostly at 30 days post-nematode inoculation. Caterpillar feeding alone upregulated Lipoxygenase D and downregulated Basic-β-1-glucanase and GAME1 expression in roots. On nematode-infected plants, caterpillar feeding decreased JA levels, but it increased the expression of Leucine aminopeptidase A. The induction patterns of ABA and SA suggest that caterpillars cause cross-talk between the JA-signalling pathway and the SA and ABA pathways. Our results show that caterpillar feeding attenuated the induction of the JA pathway triggered by nematodes, mostly in the nematodes’ reproduction stage. These results generate a better understanding of the molecular and chemical mechanisms underlying frequent nematode–plant–caterpillar interactions in natural and agricultural ecosystems.Peer reviewe