Manejo de Riego por Goteo en Uva de Mesa cv. Thompson Seedless Cultivada en Suelos de Textura Fina

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of three drip irrigation frequencies on table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Thompson Seedless planted on a clay loam textured soil (Fluventic Haploxeroll). The drip irrigation frequencies were established considering daily crop evapotranspiration (ETc), estimated by evaporation pan and adjusted using a crop coefficient (Kc). The treatments corresponded to a water application each time the accumulated daily ETc was equivalent to 6 h (T6), 12 h (T12), and 18 h of irrigation (T18). The largest soil wet bulb size was obtained with T18. This treatment also produced greater berry weight and size. Stem water potential was higher in T18 (P 64 0.05) than in the other treatments. These results can be explained, given the soil texture characteristics (clay loam), by a better water/air balance with a less frequent irrigation regime.El objetivo de este ensayo fue evaluar el efecto de tres frecuencias de riego por goteo sobre un parronal de uva de mesa (Vitis vinifera L.), cv. Thompson Seedless, plantado en un suelo de textura franco arcillosa (Fluventic Haploxeroll). Las frecuencias de riego se establecieron considerando la evapotranspiraci\uf3n (ETc) acumulada del cultivo, determinada por el m\ue9todo de la evaporaci\uf3n de bandeja y corregida por un coeficiente de cultivo (Kc), y expresada como acumulaci\uf3n de horas de riego equivalentes. Los tratamientos correspondieron a regar cada vez que la ETc acumulada correspondiera a 6 h (T6), 12 h (T12) y 18 h de riego (T18). El mayor tama\uf1o de bulbo de suelo h\ufamedo se obtuvo con el T18. Este tratamiento present\uf3 mayor peso de poda y calibre de bayas a la cosecha. El potencial h\ueddrico xilem\ue1tico fue m\ue1s alto (P 640,05) en el tratamiento T18 que en los otros tratamientos. Estos resultados se podr\uedan explicar, dadas las caracter\uedsticas texturales del suelo, por un mejor equilibrio agua-aire en el suelo en el tratamiento regado con menos frecuencia

Phylogenetic classification of the world's tropical forests

Knowledge about the biogeographic affinities of the world’s tropical forests helps to better understand regional differences in forest structure, diversity, composition, and dynamics. Such understanding will enable anticipation of region-specific responses to global environmental change. Modern phylogenies, in combination with broad coverage of species inventory data, now allow for global biogeographic analyses that take species evolutionary distance into account. Here we present a classification of the world’s tropical forests based on their phylogenetic similarity. We identify five principal floristic regions and their floristic relationships: (i) Indo-Pacific, (ii) Subtropical, (iii) African, (iv) American, and (v) Dry forests. Our results do not support the traditional neo- versus paleotropical forest division but instead separate the combined American and African forests from their Indo-Pacific counterparts. We also find indications for the existence of a global dry forest region, with representatives in America, Africa, Madagascar, and India. Additionally, a northern-hemisphere Subtropical forest region was identified with representatives in Asia and America, providing support for a link between Asian and American northern-hemisphere forests.</p

Manejo de riego por goteo en uva de mesa cv. Thompson Seedless cultivada en suelos de textura fina.

El objetivo de este ensayo fue evaluar el efecto de tres frecuencias de riego por goteo sobre un parronal de uva de mesa (Vitis vinifera L.), cv. Thompson Seedless, plantado en un suelo de textura franco arcillosa (Fluventic Haploxeroll). Las frecuencias de riego se establecieron considerando la evapotranspiración (ETc) acumulada del cultivo, determinada por el método de la evaporación de bandeja y corregida por un coeficiente de cultivo (Kc), y expresada como acumulación de horas de riego equivalentes. Los tratamientos correspondieron a regar cada vez que la ETc acumulada correspondiera a 6 h (T6), 12 h (T12) y 18 h de riego (T18). El mayor tamaño de bulbo de suelo húmedo se obtuvo con el T18. Este tratamiento presentó mayor peso de poda y calibre de bayas a la cosecha. El potencial hídrico xilemático fue más alto (P £ 0,05) en el tratamiento T18 que en los otros tratamientos. Estos resultados se podrían explicar, dadas las características texturales del suelo, por un mejor equilibrio agua-aire en el suelo en el tratamiento regado con menos frecuencia

INVESTIGACIÓN - MANEJO DE RIEGO POR GOTEO EN UVA DE MESA CV. THOMPSON SEEDLESS CULTIVADA EN SUELOS DE TEXTURA FINA (Drip irrigation management in table grapes cv. Thompson Seedless grown on fine textured soils)

El objetivo de este ensayo fue evaluar el efecto de tres frecuencias de riego por goteo sobre un parronal de uva de mesa (Vitis vinifera L.), cv. Thompson Seedless, plantado en un suelo de textura franco arcillosa (Fluventic Haploxeroll). Las frecuencias de riego se establecieron considerando la evapotranspiración (ETc) acumulada del cultivo, determinada por el método de la evaporación de bandeja y corregida por un coeficiente de cultivo (Kc), y expresada como acumulación de horas de riego equivalentes. Los tratamientos correspondieron a regar cada vez que la ETc acumulada correspondiera a 6 h (T6), 12 h (T12) y 18 h de riego (T18). El mayor tama?o de bulbo de suelo húmedo se obtuvo con el T18. Este tratamiento presentó mayor peso de poda y calibre de bayas a la cosecha. El potencial hídrico xilemático fue más alto (P < 0,05) en el tratamiento T18 que en los otros tratamientos. Estos resultados se podrían explicar, dadas las características texturales del suelo, por un mejor equilibrio agua-aire en el suelo en el tratamiento regado con menos frecuencia. Drip irrigation management in table grapes cv. Thompson Seedless grown on fine textured soils The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of three drip irrigation frequencies on table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Thompson Seedless planted on a clay loam textured soil (Fluventic Haploxeroll). The drip irrigation frequencies were established considering daily crop evapotranspiration (ETc), estimated by evaporation pan and adjusted using a crop coefficient (Kc). The treatments corresponded to a water application each time the accumulated daily ETc was equivalent to 6 h (T6), 12 h (T12), and 18 h of irrigation (T18). The largest soil wet bulb size was obtained with T18. This treatment also produced greater berry weight and size. Stem water potential was higher in T18 (P < 0.05) than in the other treatments. These results can be explained, given the soil texture characteristics (clay loam), by a better water/air balance with a less frequent irrigation regime

Effects of saponin-rich quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) bran and bran extract in diets of adapted and non-adapted quinoa pests in laboratory bioassays

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) produces bitter-tasting triterpene saponins that must be removed prior to consumption, significantly adding to production costs. Breeders have therefore prioritized the development of low-saponin “sweet” cultivars with little concern for the ecological benefits these compounds may confer. Quinoa saponins are thought to provide protection against herbivores and microbial pathogens, although there is very little data to support these assumptions. Here we begin to address the question of whether biologically relevant concentrations of saponins exert negative effects against insects and pathogens that attack quinoa, as well as against species not associated with quinoa. Using bran of the coastal genotype Cáhuil as the source of saponins, we conducted feeding assays with larvae of 3 noctuid insect species. Antifungal activity against 8 species was assayed using bran extract incorporated into PDA media. Quinoa bran showed insecticidal activity against only the non-quinoa feeder Pseudaletia impuncta, while the quinoa feeders Trichoplusia ni and Feltia subterranea were not affected. The bran extract inhibited fungal colony growth of Alternaria arborescens, Botrytis cinerea, and Phytophthora cinnamomi by approximately 50% but had less growth inhibitory effect on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae, Pestalotiopsis clavispora, Penicillium digitatum, Geotrichum sp., and the quinoa pathogen Phoma sp. The relatively higher inhibitory activity against some pathogen species did not necessarily correlate with their expected pathogenicity against quinoa. The results of this study suggest that, while the quinoa saponins present in bran and bran extracts may provide some protection against certain insects and phytopathogens, species-specific responses need further exploration

Environmentally friendly methods for controlling pine pitch canker

Producción CientíficaFusarium circinatum is a highly virulent invasive pathogen that causes the disease commonly known as pine pitch canker (PPC). On mature trees, the most common symptoms of PPC include resin bleeding, resinous cankers, wilting of needles and dieback. In nurseries the main symptoms are yellowish needles, and wilting of foliage and shoots. PPC is considered one of the most important diseases of conifers globally and at least 60 species of Pinus along with Pseudotsuga menziesii are known to be susceptible. Quarantine regulations are crucial to minimize the risk of new introductions into disease-free countries. However, if these measures fail, implementation of environmentally friendly control methods is currently encouraged in an integrated management approach that minimizes the use of chemicals in forests. This review therefore summarizes current knowledge of biological control using endophytic fungi, bacteria and viruses, and other environmentally friendly methods to control PPC, including thermotherapy, natural products with fungicidal effects, promoters of innate host resistance mechanisms and breeding for resistance. Key research gaps to be addressed for improvement of effective management of this disease are discussed.European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST Action FP1406 PINESTRENGTH)Centro de Estudios do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM) (project UID/AMB/50017/2019)Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (projects PTDC/AGR-FOR/2768/ 2014 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016785)Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (grants SFRH/BPD/122928/2016 , SFRH/BD/ 120967/2016 , SFRH/BPD/101669/2014 and IF/00835/2013)Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad - Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (grants AGL2015-69370-R and AGL2015-68274- C03-02-R)Academy of Finland (grant 309896

AMAZONIA CAMTRAP: a dataset of mammal, bird, and reptile species recorded with camera traps in the Amazon forest

The Amazon forest has the highest biodiversity on earth. However, information on Amazonian vertebrate diversity is still deficient and scattered across the published, peer-reviewed and grey literature and in unpublished raw data. Camera traps are an effective non-invasive method of surveying vertebrates, applicable to different scales of time and space. In this study, we organized and standardized camera trap records from different Amazon regions to compile the most extensive dataset of inventories of mammal, bird and reptile species ever assembled for the area. The complete dataset comprises 154,123 records of 317 species (185 birds, 119 mammals and 13 reptiles) gathered from surveys from the Amazonian portion of eight countries (Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela). The most frequently recorded species per taxa were: mammals - Cuniculus paca (11,907 records); birds - Pauxi tuberosa (3,713 records); and reptiles - Tupinambis teguixin (716 records). The information detailed in this data paper opens-up opportunities for new ecological studies at different spatial and temporal scales, allowing for a more accurate evaluation of the effects of habitat loss, fragmentation, climate change and other human-mediated defaunation processes in one of the most important and threatened tropical environments in the world. The dataset is not copyright restricted; please cite this data-paper when using its data in publications and we also request that researchers and educators inform us of how they are using this data

AMAZONIA CAMTRAP: A data set of mammal, bird, and reptile species recorded with camera traps in the Amazon forest

The Amazon forest has the highest biodiversity on Earth. However, information on Amazonian vertebrate diversity is still deficient and scattered across the published, peer-reviewed, and gray literature and in unpublished raw data. Camera traps are an effective non-invasive method of surveying vertebrates, applicable to different scales of time and space. In this study, we organized and standardized camera trap records from different Amazon regions to compile the most extensive data set of inventories of mammal, bird, and reptile species ever assembled for the area. The complete data set comprises 154,123 records of 317 species (185 birds, 119 mammals, and 13 reptiles) gathered from surveys from the Amazonian portion of eight countries (Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela). The most frequently recorded species per taxa were: mammals: Cuniculus paca (11,907 records); birds: Pauxi tuberosa (3713 records); and reptiles: Tupinambis teguixin (716 records). The information detailed in this data paper opens up opportunities for new ecological studies at different spatial and temporal scales, allowing for a more accurate evaluation of the effects of habitat loss, fragmentation, climate change, and other human-mediated defaunation processes in one of the most important and threatened tropical environments in the world. The data set is not copyright restricted; please cite this data paper when using its data in publications and we also request that researchers and educators inform us of how they are using these data