Der TOM-Core-Komplex und die kanalbildende Komponente Tom40 der Proteintranslokase der äußeren Mitochondrienmembran von Neurospora crassa

Die Biogenese von Mitochondrien erfordert den Eintransport cytosolisch synthetisierter Vorstufenproteine über die mitochondriale Außenmembran. Der TOM-Komplex in der Außenmembran erkennt die in die Mitochondrien zu importierenden Vorstufenproteine, bindet sie, ermöglicht den Transfer von zumindest Teilen davon über die mitochondriale Außenmembran und die Integration von Membranproteinen in die Außenmembran. Auf der Grundlage bestehender Untersuchungen des TOM-Holo-Komplexes wurden in dieser Arbeit verschiedene Subkomplexe des TOM-Komplexes aus Neurospora crassa isoliert, biochemisch und biophysikalisch charakterisiert. Zudem wurde eine neue Komponente des TOM-Komplexes identifiziert: Tom5, eine kleine Komponente von etwa 5 kDa mit Sequenzhomologie zu Tom5 von Saccharomces cerevisiae. Der in dieser Arbeit isolierte TOM-Core-Komplex besteht aus den Protein-untereinheiten Tom40, Tom22, Tom7, Tom6 und Tom5; gegenüber dem TOM-Holo-Komplex fehlen ihm die Rezeptorkomponenten Tom70 und Tom20. Der TOM-Core-Komplex weist eine Molekülmasse von ca. 400 kDa und eine Stöchimetrie der Komponenten Tom40 : Tom22 : Tom7 : Tom6 von 8 : 4 : 2 : 1-2 auf. Er kann in vitro präsequenzabhängig bis zu 8 Vorstufen-proteine pro Komplex binden. Elektronenmikroskopische Bilder des TOM-Core- Komplexes zeigen eine symmetrische Doppelringstruktur mit zwei durchgehenden Poren von etwa 2,1 nm Durchmesser. Der TOM-Core-Komplex bildet in Übereinstimmung damit Kanäle mit zwei Leitfähigkeits-niveaus, die zwei Poren entsprechen. Die Bevorzugung von Kationen und die Eigenschaft, durch mitochondriale, positiv geladene Präpeptide selektiv und spezifisch inhibiert zu werden, belegen die Rolle des TOM-Core-Komplexes bei der Proteintranslokation. TOM-Core-Komplex, dessen hydrophile Domänen von Tom22 und den kleinen Toms durch limitierte Proteolyse weitgehend abgedaut wurden, zeigte in den durchgeführten Untersuchungen nahezu identische Binde-, Kanal- und Struktureigenschaften wie der unbehandelte Core-Komplex. Die Grundstruktur der Proteintranslokase der mitochondrialen Außenmembran Zusammenfassung - 132 - kann somit hinreichend durch Tom40 und die membrandurchspannenden Domänen von Tom22, Tom7, Tom6 und Tom5 stabil gebildet werden. Weiterführende Experimente mit isoliertem Tom40 bestätigten dies. So bildet isoliertes Tom40 oligomere Strukturen mit einer mittleren Molekülmasse von ca. 350 kDa. Tom40 zeigte sich in Transmissions-EM-Bildern überwiegend als Einlochpartikel. In Übereinstimmung hiermit weisen die vom Tom40- Komplex gebildeten Kanäle eine Leitfähigkeit von nur der Hälfte der Leitfähigkeit des TOM-Core-Komplexes mit zwei Poren auf. Ein kleiner Teil des isolierten Tom40 bildet Zweilochpartikel. Tom40 ist also in der Lage, die Grundstruktur des TOM-Komplexes zu bilden, wie sie für den TOM-Core-Komplex gefunden wurde. Infrarot- und Circulardichroismus-Spektren von isoliertem Tom40 führen zu dem Schluß, daß ein einzelnes Tom40-Protomer keinen Kanal mit β -Barrel-Struktur bilden kann, sondern daß dazu mehrere Tom40 zusammenwirken müssen

Tom40, the Pore-Forming Component of the Protein-Conducting Tom Channel in the Outer Membrane of Mitochondria

Tom40 is the main component of the preprotein translocase of the outer membrane of mitochondria (TOM complex). We have isolated Tom40 of Neurospora crassa by removing the receptor Tom22 and the small Tom components Tom6 and Tom7 from the purified TOM core complex. Tom40 is organized in a high molecular mass complex of ∼350 kD. It forms a high conductance channel. Mitochondrial presequence peptides interact specifically with Tom40 reconstituted into planar lipid membranes and decrease the ion flow through the pores in a voltage-dependent manner. The secondary structure of Tom40 comprises ∼31% β-sheet, 22% α-helix, and 47% remaining structure as determined by circular dichroism measurements and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Electron microscopy of purified Tom40 revealed particles primarily with one center of stain accumulation. They presumably represent an open pore with a diameter of ∼2.5 nm, similar to the pores found in the TOM complex. Thus, Tom40 is the core element of the TOM translocase; it forms the protein-conducting channel in an oligomeric assembly

MitoP2: the mitochondrial proteome database—now including mouse data

The MitoP2 database () integrates information on mitochondrial proteins, their molecular functions and associated diseases. The central database features are manually annotated reference proteins localized or functionally associated with mitochondria supplied for yeast, human and mouse. MitoP2 enables (i) the identification of putative orthologous proteins between these species to study evolutionarily conserved functions and pathways; (ii) the integration of data from systematic genome-wide studies such as proteomics and deletion phenotype screening; (iii) the prediction of novel mitochondrial proteins using data integration and the assignment of evidence scores; and (iv) systematic searches that aim to find the genes that underlie common and rare mitochondrial diseases. The data and analysis files are referenced to data sources in PubMed and other online databases and can be easily downloaded. MitoP2 users can explore the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunctions and disease and utilize this information to conduct systems biology approaches on mitochondria

Assessing Systems Properties of Yeast Mitochondria through an Interaction Map of the Organelle

Mitochondria carry out specialized functions; compartmentalized, yet integrated into the metabolic and signaling processes of the cell. Although many mitochondrial proteins have been identified, understanding their functional interrelationships has been a challenge. Here we construct a comprehensive network of the mitochondrial system. We integrated genome-wide datasets to generate an accurate and inclusive mitochondrial parts list. Together with benchmarked measures of protein interactions, a network of mitochondria was constructed in their cellular context, including extra-mitochondrial proteins. This network also integrates data from different organisms to expand the known mitochondrial biology beyond the information in the existing databases. Our network brings together annotated and predicted functions into a single framework. This enabled, for the entire system, a survey of mutant phenotypes, gene regulation, evolution, and disease susceptibility. Furthermore, we experimentally validated the localization of several candidate proteins and derived novel functional contexts for hundreds of uncharacterized proteins. Our network thus advances the understanding of the mitochondrial system in yeast and identifies properties of genes underlying human mitochondrial disorders

Sengers syndrome: six novel AGK mutations in seven new families and review of the phenotypic and mutational spectrum of 29 patients

Background: Sengers syndrome is an autosomal recessive condition characterized by congenital cataract, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy and lactic acidosis. Mutations in the acylglycerol kinase (AGK) gene have been recently described as the cause of Sengers syndrome in nine families. Methods: We investigated the clinical and molecular features of Sengers syndrome in seven new families; five families with the severe and two with the milder form. Results: Sequence analysis of AGK revealed compound heterozygous or homozygous predicted loss-of-function mutations in all affected individuals. A total of eight different disease alleles were identified, of which six were novel, homozygous c.523_524delAT (p.Ile175Tyrfs*2), c.424-1G > A (splice site), c.409C > T (p.Arg137*) and c.877 + 3G > T (splice site), and compound heterozygous c.871C > T (p.Gln291*) and c.1035dup (p.Ile346Tyrfs*39). All patients displayed perinatal or early-onset cardiomyopathy and cataract, clinical features pathognomonic for Sengers syndrome. Other common findings included blood lactic acidosis and tachydyspnoea while nystagmus, eosinophilia and cervical meningocele were documented in only either one or two cases. Deficiency of the adenine nucleotide translocator was found in heart and skeletal muscle biopsies from two patients associated with respiratory chain complex I deficiency. In contrast to previous findings, mitochondrial DNA content was normal in both tissues. Conclusion: We compare our findings to those in 21 previously reported AGK mutation-positive Sengers patients, confirming that Sengers syndrome is a clinically recognisable disorder of mitochondrial energy metabolism

The mitochondrial import protein Mim1 promotes biogenesis of multispanning outer membrane proteins

The Mim1 complex imports α-helical mitochondrial outer membrane proteins with multiple transmembrane segments

Phylogenetic Analysis of Mitochondrial Outer Membrane β-Barrel Channels

Transport of molecules across mitochondrial outer membrane is pivotal for a proper function of mitochondria. The transport pathways across the membrane are formed by ion channels that participate in metabolite exchange between mitochondria and cytoplasm (voltage-dependent anion-selective channel, VDAC) as well as in import of proteins encoded by nuclear genes (Tom40 and Sam50/Tob55). VDAC, Tom40, and Sam50/Tob55 are present in all eukaryotic organisms, encoded in the nuclear genome, and have β-barrel topology. We have compiled data sets of these protein sequences and studied their phylogenetic relationships with a special focus on the position of Amoebozoa. Additionally, we identified these protein-coding genes in Acanthamoeba castellanii and Dictyostelium discoideum to complement our data set and verify the phylogenetic position of these model organisms. Our analysis show that mitochondrial β-barrel channels from Archaeplastida (plants) and Opisthokonta (animals and fungi) experienced many duplication events that resulted in multiple paralogous isoforms and form well-defined monophyletic clades that match the current model of eukaryotic evolution. However, in representatives of Amoebozoa, Chromalveolata, and Excavata (former Protista), they do not form clearly distinguishable clades, although they locate basally to the plant and algae branches. In most cases, they do not posses paralogs and their sequences appear to have evolved quickly or degenerated. Consequently, the obtained phylogenies of mitochondrial outer membrane β-channels do not entirely reflect the recent eukaryotic classification system involving the six supergroups: Chromalveolata, Excavata, Archaeplastida, Rhizaria, Amoebozoa, and Opisthokonta