An investigation on thermal performance characteristics of hollow-core vacuum insulated panels

As concerns over climate change stimulate legislation for performance improvement in the building industry, in an effort to mitigate embodied and operational carbon footprint, high performance insulating solutions are gaining attention and invite further research in this area. Hollow-core VIPs are an alternative vacuum insulating technology that can provide thin insulating cladding solutions while avoiding some vulnerabilities of high performance insulating materials such as fumed silica VIPs.This thesis aims to develop and evaluate the performance of a conceptual prototype of hollow-core VIPs. Initial simulations of a simplied model were used to evaluate desirable values for main parameters such as emissivity and panel thickness. Desirable panel thickness lies between 20 and 50mm to eliminate convection at a pressure of 0.01 Pa and emissivity lower than 0.1 is necessary to stifle radiation. A more detailed model representing a node within a full size VIP was developed and tested in a vacuum chamber and compared to transient simulations to study its thermal performance. Nodes with three structural array congurations were manufactured from stainless steel, PTFE and epoxy resin to analyse performance in different panel thicknesses (25 and 50mm) and with different internal surface emissivity

Informe técnico analítico describiendo los métodos y resultados de los modelos para priorizar áreas de rehabilitación y conservación

En el marco del proyecto, “Mejorar las prácticas de gestión del agua resilientes al cambio climático para las comunidades vulnerables en La Mojana” y sus acciones de ejecución, específicamente derivadas de su actividad 2.2 "Incrementar la capacidad adaptativa de ecosistemas naturales y de medios de vida basados en los ecosistemas”, se elabora este informe, con datos recopilados de la información espacial disponible y empleada para identificar estrategias de restauración del paisaje que incluya las áreas de preservación, las áreas de restaurar y las áreas para reactivar la conectividad funcional, que permita enriquecer las condiciones ecológicas de la región y mejorar la prestación de los servicios ecosistémicos.Bogotá, ColombiaPrograma Gestión Territorial de la Biodiversidad y Programa de Ciencias Sociales y Saberes de la Biodiversida

Informe técnico analítico final con las prioridades sociales para la restauración

Como aporte fundamental al diseño de un Plan Integral de Restauración Ecológica para la Mojana el instituto Alexander von Humboldt en conjunto con especialistas de la restauración de los equipos técnicos de la Corporación Paisajes Rurales CPR, el Programa de las Naciones Unidas PNUD y el Fondo Adaptación adelantaron durante el periodo de Enero a Marzo del año 2020 una serie de salidas de campo de reconocimiento y socialización con comunidades del programa Mojana Clima y Vida como parte de las actividades estimadas en la carta de acuerdo No. 19-206 suscrita entre el Instituto Humboldt y El Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo PNUD, cuyo objeto es: “Brindar acompañamiento y asesoría técnica al proyecto "Mejorar las prácticas de gestión del agua resilientes al cambio climático para las comunidades vulnerables en La Mojana", en su actividad 2.2 "Incrementar la capacidad adaptativa de ecosistemas naturales y de medios de vida basados en los ecosistemas" en su fase I o de planificación”. En el marco de este objetivo y partiendo del entendimiento de la restauración socio ecológica, se contempló identificar las prioridades sociales de restauración3 de las comunidades anfibias en el territorio asociadas al uso de la biodiversidad (SE) y los ecosistemas de humedales destacando la importancia del manejo y gestión del agua por parte de las comunidades y sus medios de vida para el buen funcionamiento de los humedales como ecosistemas estratégicos que brindan diferentes SE y beneficios para suplir sus necesidades en especial de abastecimiento (pesca, cacería, alimento, madera, leña etc), el suministro, la regulación del agua y los servicios culturales que soportan sus medios de vida en lo cotidiano y productivoBogotá, ColombiaPrograma Gestión Territorial de la Biodiversidad y Programa de Ciencias Sociales y Saberes de la Biodiversida

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Design of a fuzzy controller via fuzzy Lyapunov synthesis for the stabilization of an inertial wheel pendulum

[ES] En el presente trabajo se reporta el diseño de un controlador difuso tipo Mamdani para el problema de estabilización de un péndulo de rueda inercial. Las reglas difusas son obtenidas mediante la síntesis difusa de Lyapunov, lo cual permite mantener al mínimo el uso de la heurística, y desde la etapa de diseño garantizar estabilidad en lazo cerrado. Por otra parte el diseño de las reglas difusas es mucho más simple que la ardua tarea de resolver las ecuaciones diferenciales no lineales usadas tradicionalmente para modelar sistemas de control. Merece énfasis especial el hecho de que el diseño se hace libre del modelo matemático del sistema a controlar.[EN] In this paper was presented the design of a Mamdani type fuzzy controller to solve the stabilization problem for an inertial wheel pendulum. The fuzzy rule base are designed following the fuzzy Lyapunov synthesis, which guarantee the local asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system, by using a Lyapunov function whose time-derivative is negative semidefinite, while the use of heuristics is minimized in the design process. Moreover, the design of the fuzzy rule base is simplest than the hard task of solve the nonlinear differential equations traditionally used to model control systems. Deserves special emphasis the fact that the design is made without a mathematical model of the inertia wheel pendulum.Parcialmente financiando por el Tecnológico Nacional de Mexico con los proyectos 5862.16-P, ´ 5867.16-P, PRODEP ITTIJ-CA-8 y CONACYT 268364.Cazarez-Castro, NR.; Aguilar, LT.; Cardenas-Maciel, SL.; Goribar-Jiménez, CA.; Odreman-Vera, M. (2017). Diseño de un Controlador Difuso mediante la Síntesis Difusa de Lyapunov para la Estabilización de un Péndulo de Rueda Inercial. Revista Iberoamericana de Automática e Informática industrial. 14(2):133-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riai.2016.12.001OJS133140142Andary, S., Chemori, A., Krut, S., 2009. Control of the underactuated inertia wheel inverted pendulum for stable limit cycle generation. Advanced Robotics 23 (15), 1999-2014.Andrievsky, B., 2011. Global stabilization of the unstable reaction-wheel pendulum. Automation and Remote Control 72 (9), 1981-1993.Becerikli, Y., Celik, B. K., 2007. Fuzzy control of inverted pendulum and concept of stability using java application. Mathematical and Computer Modelling 46 (1,2), 24 - 37.Brockett, R., 1983. Differential Geometric Control Theory. Birkhäuser, Boston, Ch. Asymptotic stability and feedback stabilization, pp. 181-191.Castillo, O., Aguilar, L., Cazarez, N., Cardenas, S., 2008. Systematic design of a stable type-2 fuzzy logic controller. Applied Soft Computing 8 (3), 1274 - 1279.Castillo, O., Cazarez, N., Aguilar, L., Rico, D., 2006. Intelligent control of dynamic systems using type-2 fuzzy logic and stability issues. International Mathematical Forum 1 (28), 1371-1382.Cazarez-Castro, N. R., Aguilar, L. T., Castillo, O., 2010. Fuzzy logic control with genetic membership function parameters optimization for the output regulation of a servomechanism with nonlinear backlash. Expert Systems with Applications 37 (6), 4368 - 4378.Hernández, V. M., 2003. A combined sliding mode-generalized pi control scheme for swinging up and balancing the inertia wheel pendulum. Asian Journal of Control 5 (4), 620-625.Iriarte, R., Aguilar, L. T., Fridman, L., 2013. Second order sliding mode tracking controller for inertia wheel pendulum. Journal of the Franklin Institute 350 (1), 92-106.Kelly, R., Llamas, J., Campa, R., Aug 2000. A measurement procedure for viscous and coulomb friction. Instrumentation and Measurement, IEEE Transactions on 49 (4), 857-861.Khalil, H. K., 2002. Nonlinear Systems, 3rd Edition. Prentice Hall, EEUU.Korotnikov, V., 1998. Partial Stability and Control, 1st Edition. SpringerBirkhäuser Basel, EEUU.Lyapunov, A., 1892. The general problem of the stability of motion (in russian). Phd, Univ. Kharkov.Mamdani, E., Assilian, S., 1975. An experiment in linguistic synthesis with a fuzzy logic controller. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 7 (1), 1-13.Margaliot, M., Langholz, G., 1999. Fuzzy lyapunov-based approach to the design of fuzzy controllers. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 106 (1), 49-59.Martinez-Soto, R., Rodriguez, A., Castillo, O., Aguilar, L. T., 2012. Gain optimization for inertia wheel pendulum stabilization using particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithms. International Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control 8 (6), 4421-4430.Ng, W. M., Chang, D. E., Song, S.-H., 2013. Four representative applications of the energy shaping method for controlled lagrangian systems. Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology 8 (6), 1579-1589.Qaiser, N., Iqbal, N., Hussain, A., Qaiser, N., 2006. Stabilization of non-linear inertia wheel pendulum system using a new dynamic surface control based technique. In: Engineering of Intelligent Systems, 2006 IEEE International Conference on. pp. 1-6.Qaiser, N., Iqbal, N., Hussain, A., Qaiser, N., 2007. Exponential stabilization of the inertia wheel pendulum using dynamic surface control. Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 16 (01), 81-92.Ye, H., Wang, H., Wang, H., Nov 2007. Stabilization of a pvtol aircraft and an inertia wheel pendulum using saturation technique. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 15 (6), 1143-1150.Yi, J., Yubazaki, N., 2000. Stabilization fuzzy control of inverted pendulum systems. Artificial Intelligence in Engineering 14 (2), 153 - 163

Antimicrobial Lessons From a Large Observational Cohort on Intra-abdominal Infections in Intensive Care Units

evere intra-abdominal infection commonly requires intensive care. Mortality is high and is mainly determined by disease-specific characteristics, i.e. setting of infection onset, anatomical barrier disruption, and severity of disease expression. Recent observations revealed that antimicrobial resistance appears equally common in community-acquired and late-onset hospital-acquired infection. This challenges basic principles in anti-infective therapy guidelines, including the paradigm that pathogens involved in community-acquired infection are covered by standard empiric antimicrobial regimens, and second, the concept of nosocomial acquisition as the main driver for resistance involvement. In this study, we report on resistance profiles of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in distinct European geographic regions based on an observational cohort study on intra-abdominal infections in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Resistance against aminopenicillins, fluoroquinolones, and third-generation cephalosporins in E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa is problematic, as is carbapenem-resistance in the latter pathogen. For E. coli and K. pneumoniae, resistance is mainly an issue in Central Europe, Eastern and South-East Europe, and Southern Europe, while resistance in P. aeruginosa is additionally problematic in Western Europe. Vancomycin-resistance in E. faecalis is of lesser concern but requires vigilance in E. faecium in Central and Eastern and South-East Europe. In the subcohort of patients with secondary peritonitis presenting with either sepsis or septic shock, the appropriateness of empiric antimicrobial therapy was not associated with mortality. In contrast, failure of source control was strongly associated with mortality. The relevance of these new insights for future recommendations regarding empiric antimicrobial therapy in intra-abdominal infections is discussed.Severe intra-abdominal infection commonly requires intensive care. Mortality is high and is mainly determined by diseasespecific characteristics, i.e. setting of infection onset, anatomical barrier disruption, and severity of disease expression. Recent observations revealed that antimicrobial resistance appears equally common in community-acquired and late-onset hospital-acquired infection. This challenges basic principles in anti-infective therapy guidelines, including the paradigm that pathogens involved in community-acquired infection are covered by standard empiric antimicrobial regimens, and second, the concept of nosocomial acquisition as the main driver for resistance involvement. In this study, we report on resistance profiles of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in distinct European geographic regions based on an observational cohort study on intra-abdominal infections in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Resistance against aminopenicillins, fluoroquinolones, and third-generation cephalosporins in E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa is problematic, as is carbapenem-resistance in the latter pathogen. For E. coli and K. pneumoniae, resistance is mainly an issue in Central Europe, Eastern and South-East Europe, and Southern Europe, while resistance in P. aeruginosa is additionally problematic in Western Europe. Vancomycin-resistance in E. faecalis is of lesser concern but requires vigilance in E. faecium in Central and Eastern and South-East Europe. In the subcohort of patients with secondary peritonitis presenting with either sepsis or septic shock, the appropriateness of empiric antimicrobial therapy was not associated with mortality. In contrast, failure of source control was strongly associated with mortality. The relevance of these new insights for future recommendations regarding empiric antimicrobial therapy in intra-abdominal infections is discussed

Epidemiology of intra-abdominal infection and sepsis in critically ill patients: "AbSeS", a multinational observational cohort study and ESICM Trials Group Project

PURPOSE: To describe the epidemiology of intra-abdominal infection in an international cohort of ICU patients according to a new system that classifies cases according to setting of infection acquisition (community-acquired, early onset hospital-acquired, and late-onset hospital-acquired), anatomical disruption (absent or present with localized or diffuse peritonitis), and severity of disease expression (infection, sepsis, and septic shock). METHODS: We performed a multicenter (n = 309), observational, epidemiological study including adult ICU patients diagnosed with intra-abdominal infection. Risk factors for mortality were assessed by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The cohort included 2621 patients. Setting of infection acquisition was community-acquired in 31.6%, early onset hospital-acquired in 25%, and late-onset hospital-acquired in 43.4% of patients. Overall prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was 26.3% and difficult-to-treat resistant Gram-negative bacteria 4.3%, with great variation according to geographic region. No difference in prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was observed according to setting of infection acquisition. Overall mortality was 29.1%. Independent risk factors for mortality included late-onset hospital-acquired infection, diffuse peritonitis, sepsis, septic shock, older age, malnutrition, liver failure, congestive heart failure, antimicrobial resistance (either methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria, or carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria) and source control failure evidenced by either the need for surgical revision or persistent inflammation. CONCLUSION: This multinational, heterogeneous cohort of ICU patients with intra-abdominal infection revealed that setting of infection acquisition, anatomical disruption, and severity of disease expression are disease-specific phenotypic characteristics associated with outcome, irrespective of the type of infection. Antimicrobial resistance is equally common in community-acquired as in hospital-acquired infection.status: publishe

Poor timing and failure of source control are risk factors for mortality in critically ill patients with secondary peritonitis

Purpose: To describe data on epidemiology, microbiology, clinical characteristics and outcome of adult patients admitted in the intensive care unit (ICU) with secondary peritonitis, with special emphasis on antimicrobial therapy and source control. Methods: Post hoc analysis of a multicenter observational study (Abdominal Sepsis Study, AbSeS) including 2621 adult ICU patients with intra-abdominal infection in 306 ICUs from 42 countries. Time-till-source control intervention was calculated as from time of diagnosis and classified into 'emergency' (&lt; 2 h), 'urgent' (2-6 h), and 'delayed' (&gt; 6 h). Relationships were assessed by logistic regression analysis and reported as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: The cohort included 1077 cases of microbiologically confirmed secondary peritonitis. Mortality was 29.7%. The rate of appropriate empiric therapy showed no difference between survivors and non-survivors (66.4% vs. 61.3%, p = 0.1). A stepwise increase in mortality was observed with increasing Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores (19.6% for a value ≤ 4-55.4% for a value &gt; 12, p &lt; 0.001). The highest odds of death were associated with septic shock (OR 3.08 [1.42-7.00]), late-onset hospital-acquired peritonitis (OR 1.71 [1.16-2.52]) and failed source control evidenced by persistent inflammation at day 7 (OR 5.71 [3.99-8.18]). Compared with 'emergency' source control intervention (&lt; 2 h of diagnosis), 'urgent' source control was the only modifiable covariate associated with lower odds of mortality (OR 0.50 [0.34-0.73]). Conclusion: 'Urgent' and successful source control was associated with improved odds of survival. Appropriateness of empirical antimicrobial treatment did not significantly affect survival suggesting that source control is more determinative for outcome

Epidemiology of intra-abdominal infection and sepsis in critically ill patients: "AbSeS", a multinational observational cohort study and ESICM Trials Group Project

Purpose To describe the epidemiology of intra-abdominal infection in an international cohort of ICU patients according to a new system that classifies cases according to setting of infection acquisition (community-acquired, early onset hospital-acquired, and late-onset hospital-acquired), anatomical disruption (absent or present with localized or diffuse peritonitis), and severity of disease expression (infection, sepsis, and septic shock). Methods We performed a multicenter (n = 309), observational, epidemiological study including adult ICU patients diagnosed with intra-abdominal infection. Risk factors for mortality were assessed by logistic regression analysis. Results The cohort included 2621 patients. Setting of infection acquisition was community-acquired in 31.6%, early onset hospital-acquired in 25%, and late-onset hospital-acquired in 43.4% of patients. Overall prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was 26.3% and difficult-to-treat resistant Gram-negative bacteria 4.3%, with great variation according to geographic region. No difference in prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was observed according to setting of infection acquisition. Overall mortality was 29.1%. Independent risk factors for mortality included late-onset hospital-acquired infection, diffuse peritonitis, sepsis, septic shock, older age, malnutrition, liver failure, congestive heart failure, antimicrobial resistance (either methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria, or carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria) and source control failure evidenced by either the need for surgical revision or persistent inflammation. Conclusion This multinational, heterogeneous cohort of ICU patients with intra-abdominal infection revealed that setting of infection acquisition, anatomical disruption, and severity of disease expression are disease-specific phenotypic characteristics associated with outcome, irrespective of the type of infection. Antimicrobial resistance is equally common in community-acquired as in hospital-acquired infection

A global metagenomic map of urban microbiomes and antimicrobial resistance

We present a global atlas of 4,728 metagenomic samples from mass-transit systems in 60 cities over 3 years, representing the first systematic, worldwide catalog of the urban microbial ecosystem. This atlas provides an annotated, geospatial profile of microbial strains, functional characteristics, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) markers, and genetic elements, including 10,928 viruses, 1,302 bacteria, 2 archaea, and 838,532 CRISPR arrays not found in reference databases. We identified 4,246 known species of urban microorganisms and a consistent set of 31 species found in 97% of samples that were distinct from human commensal organisms. Profiles of AMR genes varied widely in type and density across cities. Cities showed distinct microbial taxonomic signatures that were driven by climate and geographic differences. These results constitute a high-resolution global metagenomic atlas that enables discovery of organisms and genes, highlights potential public health and forensic applications, and provides a culture-independent view of AMR burden in cities.Funding: the Tri-I Program in Computational Biology and Medicine (CBM) funded by NIH grant 1T32GM083937; GitHub; Philip Blood and the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), supported by NSF grant number ACI-1548562 and NSF award number ACI-1445606; NASA (NNX14AH50G, NNX17AB26G), the NIH (R01AI151059, R25EB020393, R21AI129851, R35GM138152, U01DA053941); STARR Foundation (I13- 0052); LLS (MCL7001-18, LLS 9238-16, LLS-MCL7001-18); the NSF (1840275); the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1151054); the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (G-2015-13964); Swiss National Science Foundation grant number 407540_167331; NIH award number UL1TR000457; the US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute under contract number DE-AC02-05CH11231; the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, supported by the Office of Science of the US Department of Energy; Stockholm Health Authority grant SLL 20160933; the Institut Pasteur Korea; an NRF Korea grant (NRF-2014K1A4A7A01074645, 2017M3A9G6068246); the CONICYT Fondecyt Iniciación grants 11140666 and 11160905; Keio University Funds for Individual Research; funds from the Yamagata prefectural government and the city of Tsuruoka; JSPS KAKENHI grant number 20K10436; the bilateral AT-UA collaboration fund (WTZ:UA 02/2019; Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, UA:M/84-2019, M/126-2020); Kyiv Academic Univeristy; Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine project numbers 0118U100290 and 0120U101734; Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2013–2017; the CERCA Programme / Generalitat de Catalunya; the CRG-Novartis-Africa mobility program 2016; research funds from National Cheng Kung University and the Ministry of Science and Technology; Taiwan (MOST grant number 106-2321-B-006-016); we thank all the volunteers who made sampling NYC possible, Minciencias (project no. 639677758300), CNPq (EDN - 309973/2015-5), the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Advanced Theory and Application in Statistics and Data Science – MOE, ECNU, the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong through project 11215017, National Key RD Project of China (2018YFE0201603), and Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (2017SHZDZX01) (L.S.