The effect of damage on the validity of the contract of sale ın the context of the Hanafi doctrine

Zarar vermeme ve zararın giderilmesi prensibi gerek İslam hukukunun gerekse diğer hukuk sistemlerinin teşekkülünde önemli bir etken olup birçok hükmün dayanağı olarak zikredilmektedir. Usûlden fürûa hemen hemen fıkhın bütün konularında karşımıza çıkan zarar, çok geniş bir kavramdır. Fıkıh kaynaklarında yer alan fürû örneklere ve Mecelle kaidelerine bakıldığında zararın birçok hükme dayanak teşkil ettiği açık bir şekilde görülmektedir. Zararın hüküm doğurduğu bu alanlardan biri de genelde borçlar hukuku, özelde ise akid teorisidir. Çünkü zarar akitlerin gerek kuruluşunda gerek sıhhatinde gerekse lüzûmu ve nefâzında etkili olup bu hususların teşekkülünde birçok hükmün gerekçesi olarak zikredilmektedir. Bu makalede Hanefî mezhebine ait fesad teorisi içinde zararın etkisi, satım akdi özelinde, fürû örnekleri incelenerek ele alınmış ve örneklerle açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu kapsamda ilk olarak zararın tanımı ve çeşitleri üzerinde durulmuş daha sonra zararın satım akdinin sıhhatine etkisi örneklerle ortaya konulmuştur. Ardından müstakil bir fesad sebebi olarak zarar örnekleri verilmiş, daha sonra da diğer fesad sebepleri üzerinde zararın etkisi örneklerle müşahhas hale getirilip açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır.The principle of doing no harm and removing harm is an important factor in the formation of both Islamic law and other legal systems, and is mentioned as the basis of many provisions. Harm, which we encounter in almost all subjects of fiqh, from method to furû, is a very broad concept. When we look at the furû examples and the rules of Majalla in the sources of fiqh, it is clearly seen that the damage constitutes the basis for many judgments. One of these areas where the damage is effective is the law of obligations in general and the theory of contract in particular. Because the damage is effective in the establishment, health, necessity, and execution of the contracts, it is mentioned as the reason for many provisions in the formation of these issues. In this article, the effect of damage in the theory of corruption belonging to the Hanafi sect, specific to the contract of sale, has been discussed by examining the examples of furû, and it has been tried to be explained with examples. In this context, firstly, the definition and types of damage were discussed, and then the effect of the damage on the health of the sales contract was presented with examples. Then, examples of damage as an independent cause of mischief are given, and then the effect of damage on other causes of mischief is tried to be explained with examples

Adjuvant Corticosteroid Therapy in Hepatosplenic Candidiasis-Related Iris

Candida infections are the most frequent infections in neutropenic patients. Hepatosplenic candidiasis (HSC) is a part of disseminated Candida infection that occurs most commonly in patients with hematologic malignancies treated with chemotherapy and requires protracted antifungal therapy. During invasive mycosis with rapid resolution of immunosuppression, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) which mimics treatment failure, drug toxicity or breakthrough infections may occur. Manifestation period, histopathologic findings and favorable effect of steroids to its inflammatory symptoms strongly suggest that HSC belongs to the invasive fungal infection induced IRIS. We present a child with B cell-acute lymphoblastic leukemia who developed HSC and addition of corticosteroid therapy to antifungal treatment achieved rapid resolution of the clinical symptoms and laboratory findings

Regio- and stereo-chemical ring-opening reactions of the 2,3-epoxy alcohol derivative with nucleophiles: Explanation of the structures and C-2 selectivity supported by theoretical computations

The ring-opening reactions of (1aS,2S,6bR)-5-ethyl-2-hydroxyhexahydro-4H-oxireno[2,3-e]isoindole-4,6(5H)-dione were investigated under very mild and nonchelated conditions. C-2 selective ring-opening products were obtained with nucleophilic additions such as Cl-, Br- and N-3(-). The exact configuration of (3aS,4R,5R,6S,7aS)-5-chloro-2-ethyl-4,6-dihydroxyhexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione was determined by X-Ray diffraction analysis which was obtained from the reaction of epoxy alcohol with HCl . On the other hand, theoretical computations were carried out to explain the regioselectivity in the ring opening reaction of epoxy alcohols. The results showed that the ring-opening reaction of both epoxy alcohols proceeds in a kinetically controlled manner and regioselectivity occurs depending on the transition state. (c) 2022 Published by Elsevier B.V

DETERMINATION OF THE AIR POLLUTION FROM ROAD TRANSPORT IN THE CITY CENTER OF IZMIR

Son yıllarda araç sayısındaki artışa bağlı olarak, İzmir kent merkezinde trafikten kaynaklanan hava kirletici emisyonları, kentin hava kalitesini etkilemeye başlamıştır. Bu nedenle, kentteki trafik kaynaklı emisyonların dağılımlarının ve miktarlarının belirlenmesi gerekli bir hal almıştır. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, İzmir kent merkezindeki önemli caddelerdeki araç sayılarını tespit etmek ve emisyon faktörlerini kullanarak caddelerde hareket halindeki motorlu taşıtlardan kaynaklanan kirletici emisyon miktarlarını belirlemektir. Çalışmada, 2007 yılı İzmir kent merkezindeki trafikten atmosfere verilen emisyon miktarları CO için 5607 ton, NOX için 2502 ton, NMVOC için 772 ton, SO2 için 340 ton ve PM10 için 104 ton olarak hesaplanmıştır. CO, NOX ve NMVOC emisyonlarının yarısından fazlası otomobillerden kaynaklanırken, otobüs+ kamyon kategorisi tek başına SO2 emisyonlarının %80'nine neden olmaktadır. Minibüs+kamyonet kategorisi ve Motorsikletler PM10 emisyonlarının önemli bir kaynağıdır. Bunun yanı sıra, hesaplanan emisyonlar CALPUFF dağılım modeli yardımıyla kent merkezindeki hava kalitesi seviyelerini belirlemek için kullanılmıştır. Modelleme sonuçlarına göre, en kötü meteorolojik şartlar için maksimum saatlik konsantrasyonlar CO için 400 µg/m3, NOX için 222 µg/m3, NMVOC için 60 µg/m3, SO2 için 40 µg/m3 ve PM10 için 12 µg/m3 olarak hesaplanmıştır.In recent years, emissions from mobile sources have become more important for urban air quality in Izmir due to the increase of vehicle numbers in the city. So, it has become important to estimate the emissions and their geographical distribution. The main purpose of this paper is to present the traffic emissions calculated by using emission factors from literature and vehicle activity data from vehicle counting campaigns in the main streets of the city. The results showed that the total emissions of CO, NOX, NMVOC, SO2 and PM10 from vehicles in Izmir city center for the year 2007 were 5607 t, 2502 t, 772 t, 340 t and 104 t, respectively. When the passenger cars contributed over half of CO, NOX and NMVOC, the heavy duty vehicles such as trucks and buses were responsible for 80% of SO2 emissions. Light-duty vehicles and motorcycles are the main source of PM10 emissions. Besides, the emissions estimated were used to simulate the air quality level in city center by CALPUFF model. Accordingly, the maximum hourly concentrations estimated in city were 400 µg/m3 for CO, 222 µg/m3 for NOX, 60 µg/m3 for NMVOC, 40 µg/m3 for SO2 and 12 µg/m3 for PM10 during the worst meteorological conditions

Palladium-Catalyzed Direct α‑C(sp3) Heteroarylation of Ketones 2 under Microwave Irradiation

Heteroaryl compounds are valuable building blocks in medicinal chemistry and chemical industry. A palladium-catalyzed direct α-C(sp3) heteroarylation of ketones under microwave irradiation is developed and reported in this study. Under optimized conditions, twentyeight (28) heteroarylated ketones were prepared in this study to demonstrate the substrate scope of this reaction. The ground-state optimized structure of Pd(0) active catalyst with 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl (XPhos) in toluene, and the products of its reaction with 3-bromopyridine and acetophone were studied using all-atom density functional theory. This study provided insightful information for palladium catalytic system design to generate heteroaryl compounds

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Early Acquisition of Figurative Competence: Comprehension of Idiomatic Expressions in Turkish Between Seven and Eleven Years of Age

As one type of figurative language, idiomatic expressions are found in a majority of human communication. With their structural, semantic and discourse features and constraints, idiomatic expressions differ substantially from literal language. The characteristic say-mean distinction, the conceptual complexity and the semantic quality inherent in idioms have attracted the attention of many scholars in recent years. Traditionally, idioms were treated as multi-word expressions, exhibiting a certain degree of frozenness or flexibility, as nondecomposable in their semantic make-up, and most importantly, they were regarded as a matter of language only. However, the cognitive-linguistic view of idioms regarded them as products of our conceptual system and that many idioms are conceptually motivated, which entails an interplay between domains of knowledge in the human conceptual system. Studies investigating the acquisition of idiomatic expressions in a developmental framework revealed thatİmgesel bir dil türü olan deyimsel ifadeler iletişimin büyük bir kısmında yer almaktadır. Kendine has yapısal, anlamsal ve söylem özellikleri ve kısıtlamalar göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, deyimsel ifadeler sözlüksel dilden belirgin bir şekilde ayrılır. Söylenen ve kastedilen arasındaki fark, kavramsal derinlik ve anlamsal karmaşıklık gibi deyimlerin belirgin özellikleri son zamanlarda araştırmacıların ilgisini çekmeyi başarmıştır. Geleneksel olarak deyimler çoklu kelimelerden oluşan, belirli bir derecede donukluk ya da esnek yapı özelliği gösteren, anlamsal altyapı olarak ayrıştırılamayan ve en önemlisi, sadece bir dil meselesi olarak görülmüştür. Fakat bilişsel dilbilim bakış açısına göre deyimler kavramsal sistemin ürünüdür ve birçok deyim kavramsal olarak güdülenmiştir ve bu süreç kavramsal sistemde bilgi alanları arasında bir etkileşim gerektirmektedir. Gelişimsel bir çerçevede deyimsel ifadelerin edinimini inceleyen çalışmalar bu edinim sürecinin ömür boyu sürdüğünü, çocukluğu

Evaluation of quaternary prevention in primary care in Edirne

Dördüncül koruma hastaya gereksiz tedavinin önlenmesi ve hastaya aşırı tıbbi işlem yapılmasının önlenmesidir. Sözlükteki tanımıyla dördüncül koruma “aşırı medikalizasyon riskindeki hastayı ve toplumu tanımlamak, medikal istilalardan onları korumak ve onlara bilimsel ve etik olarak kabul edilebilir bakım prosedürlerini sağlamak için yapılan eylemdir”. Çalışmamızda birinci basamakta dördüncül koruma uygulamalarını etkileyebilecek faktörleri incelemeyi ve bu faktörlerin klinik pratikteki etkisini değerlendirmeyi amaçladık. Çalışmamız 01.09-01.11.2019 tarihleri arasında birinci basamakta görev yapan ve çalışmaya katılmayı kabul eden hekimlere yapıldı. 126 aile hekiminin 116’sı çalışmaya katılmayı kabul etti. Çalışmada; araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan sosyodemografik bilgiler, bilgi soruları, neden sorularını ve ek olarak “Defansif Tıp Uygulamaları Tutum Ölçeği” ni içeren, 61 soruluk anket kullanıldı. Edirne Halk Sağlığı Müdürlüğü’nden alınan veriler de çalışmaya eklendi. Kruskal-Wallis testi, Mann-Whitney U testi, Ki-Kare (Fisher’s exact) testi, Pearson korelasyon testi kullanıldı ve p<0,05 değeri anlamlı kabul edildi. Çalışmamızda hekimlerin birincil koruma kapsamında olan aşı uygulamalarına katılımlarını yüksek (%93,9) saptanırken, ikincil koruma kapsamında olan kanser taramalarına katılımlarını (%78,5) ve üçüncül koruma kapsamında olan kronik hastalıkların komplikasyonlarının takibine katılımı (%81) daha düşük saptandı. Defansif tıp puanı orta ve üzerinde olan katılımcıların oranı %94,8 olarak yüksek saptandı. Tanı kaçırma korkusunun nedenleri incelendiğinde, hekimlerin defansif tıp tutumları (p=0,018) ile anlamlı ilişki mevcuttu. Dördüncül korumanın daha iyi uygulanabilmesi için hasta- hekim iletişimini daha da geliştirilmelidir. Bunun sağlanması için de hekimlerin dava korkusunun azaltılması, makalelere güvenin artmasının sağlanması, özellikle pratik eğitimde yenilikler ve gezici nüfus uygulamasında düzenlemeler gerekmektedir.Quaternary prevention is the prevention of unnecessary treatment or the prevention of overmedicalisation. The definition of quaternary prevention in the dictionary is ‘‘action taken to identify patient at risk of over medicalization, to protect patient from new medical invasion, and to suggest interventions that are ethically acceptable’’. In our study, we aimed to examine the factors that may affect quaternary prevention practices in primary care and to evaluate the effects of these factors in clinical practice. Our study was conducted between 01.09-01.11.2019 on physicians working in primary care and who agreed to participate in the study. 116 of 126 family physicians agreed to participate in the study. In the study, a questionnaire is used composed of 61 questions, including socio-demographic information prepared by the researchers, knowledge questions, cause questions and additionally "Defensive Medicine Practices Attitude Scale”. The data received from Edirne Public Health Directorate were also included in the study. Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-Square (Fisher's exact) test, Pearson Correlation test were used and p <0.05 was considered significant. In our study, we found that the participation of physicians in vaccine applications under primary prevention was high (%93,9), while participation in cancer screenings under secondary prevention (%78,5) and in the follow-up of complications of chronic diseases under tertiary prevention (%81) were lower. We found the rate of participants with moderate or higher defensive medicine scores as 94.8%. When we examined the causes of fear of missing disease, was examine there was a significant was highes relationship with the defensive medical attitudes of physicians (p=0,018). Further improve ment is needed inpatient-physician communication so that quaternary prevention can be better applied. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to reduce the fear of litigation of physicians, to increase trust in articles, innovations especially in the practical education of medical faculties and arrangements in the application of mobile services