31 research outputs found
Assessment of radioactivity contents in bedrock groundwater samples from the northern region of Saudi Arabia
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 01/10/2020
- Field of study
Recognizing the vast uses of water in human life, the presence of α and β particles emitting radionuclides in groundwater of northern Saudi Arabia has been evaluated as a means of water quality assessment of the region. A liquid scintillation counting technique was used to determine the gross α/β, and 228Ra radioactivities in water samples, while the radioactivity concentrations of 234,238U and 226Ra were determined using alpha spectrometry after the separation process.
Present results show that all water samples contain a higher level of gross α and β radioactivity than the WHO recommended limits; the average gross α activity is about 7 times greater than the limit value of 0.5 Bq L−1, while the average gross β activity value is about 3.5 times greater than the limit value of 1 Bq L−1. Correlations of TDS and pH with gross α and β radioactivity in the studied samples were investigated. The activity ratio of the measured U and Ra alpha emitters to the gross α radioactivity and the ratio of the measured β emitters to gross β radioactivity were also discussed. Furthermore, interesting information on thorium abundance and radioactive disequilibrium in U series were observed by studying the activity ratio of 228Ra/226Ra, 226Ra/238U, and 234U/238U. Although these samples are not directly used for human being drinking, and mainly used in irrigation, the higher gross α/β radioactivity may cause health risks to humans, since these radionuclides may enter the food chain through irrigation water. Thus, further radioactive risk assessment is highly recommended
Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis
- Author
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- Publication venue
- Oxford University Press
- Publication date
- 01/01/2022
- Field of study
Background: There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low-and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods: Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results: Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US 92492millionusingapproach1and73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was 95004millionusingapproach1and75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion: For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially
Pooled analysis of WHO Surgical Safety Checklist use and mortality after emergency laparotomy
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- Arnaud AP
- Arroyo Basto CA
- Arshad MM
- Arslan E
- Arsyad HM
- Arthur T
- Arulampalam T
- Aruldas N
- Asal M
- Asar YH
- Asare-Bediako K
- Asele FA
- Ashour A
- Ashour A
- Ashour K
- Ashraf SF
- Ashtari M
- Ashton A
- Asi F
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- Assal A
- Assouto PA
- Asturia S
- Asumah H
- Ata A
- Ata AAA
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- Atiyeh A
- Atkins ET
- Atkinson K
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- Attallah NA
- Attard M
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- Aung KP
- Austraite A
- Aviles S
- Avoka A
- Awad I
- Awad SA
- Awadallah S
- Awuku-Asabre J
- Ayad S
- Ayandipo O
- Ayandipo OO
- Aydin MC
- Ayyar S
- Aziz DNA
- Aziz MRA
- Aziz NA
- Azizeldine MG
- Azmitia Mendizabal CA
- Azodo IA
- Azzie G
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- Azzis O
- Baba S
- Bachri H
- Badawy M
- Badenjki MA
- Badicel M
- Badr A
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- Bahar S
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- Bakhaidar M
- Baki BE
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- Bala M
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- Baldacchino M
- Balducci G
- Balila RMH
- Balkan AZA
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- Balmaceda R
- Balmaceda R
- Balmaceda R
- Balogun F
- Baltrunas R
- Baluch F
- Bamford R
- Bamicha A
- Bamicha A
- Banaitis VJ
- Bandi A
- Bandoh D
- Bani-Sadar A
- Banipal GS
- Baraka H
- Barakat SAE
- Barendegere V
- Barker T
- Barkolias C
- Barmayehvar B
- Barnabas GN
- Barnacle J
- Barneo L
- Barrionuevo Ojeda RR
- Barrios E
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- Barros De Castro Segundo LC
- Barroso de Lima CV
- Barry J
- Basilico S
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- Bassem M
- Bassit KA
- Basso SMM
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- Beasley W
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- Bedada AG
- Bediako-Bowan A
- Behar N
- Beisa V
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- Bekhet AH
- Bekhet NM
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- Belkouchi A
- Belli A
- Bello B
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- Benevento A
- Benevento A
- Benger M
- Bennai RM
- Benons N
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- Bertuello I
- Beuran M
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- Beyene R
- Bezerra Morais PA
- Bezzina M
- Bhang A
- Bhangu A
- Bhangu A
- Bhargava A
- Bharj IS
- Bhat S
- Bhatnagar A
- Bhattacharya S
- Bhopal KF
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- Bianco F
- Bigaran A
- Billy M
- Bin Adnan A
- Bin Hasnan M
- Bin Ismail MJ
- Bin Mahamood A
- Birindelli A
- Birring A
- Bisset C
- Bjorklund I
- Bjorklund I
- Blacker S
- Blackwell J
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- Blencowe N
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- Bliksoen M
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- Borg E
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- Breslin R
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- Burns H
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- Cacurri A
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- Campagnaro T
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- Chen CY
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- Chenn R
- Cheong YJ
- Chetta N
- Cheung YHE
- Chew LS
- Chhabra S
- Chibuye C
- Chidambaram S
- Chiesa D
- Chilton G
- Chin PX
- Chin YR
- Chiu S
- Chiu S
- Chiu SMY
- Choi J
- Choi P
- Chong BFHK
- Chong CL
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- Chong CL
- Chong CS
- Chong H-Y
- Chong HY
- Choudhry A
- Chow CYN
- Chowdhury A
- Chowdhury D
- Chu K
- Chun A
- Chun T
- Chung KJ
- Chung S
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- Del Basso C
- del Pilar Paucar A
- Delforge X
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- Dempster E
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- Deputy M
- Der Y
- Dervenis C
- Despotidis V
- Desta S
- Deutschmann P
- Devadasar GH
- Dharamshi HA
- Dhillon D
- Di Franco F
- Di Martino N
- Di Saverio S
- Di Saverio S
- Diab A
- Diaconescu B
- Diaconescu I-B
- Dias S
- Diaz Vico T
- Diaz-Jover P
- Diaz-Zorrilla C
- Dick L
- Dickfos M
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- Dijan E
- Dimech T
- Din F
- Dindyal S
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- Dione Parreno-Sacdalan M
- Dissanayake T
- Djivoh F
- Domini E
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- Donnelly P
- Donoghue D
- Dorani RMNR
- Dorisme A
- dos Santos DV
- Dossou F
- Doughan S
- Doughty J
- Dousset B
- Dragatas D
- Drake TM
- Drake TM
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- Driscoll A
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- Du Plessis D
- du Plooy F
- Du Toit F
- Duane T
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- Duhoranenayo D
- Duinhouwer L
- Dulskas A
- Dwydar A
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- Ebrahim OS
- Eduard P
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- El Dahab AA
- El Deen KN
- El Gendy A
- El Gendy NH
- El Halawany M
- El Jamassi A
- El Kashash A
- El Kholy A
- El Magd AA
- El Mesery S
- El Sayed GS
- El Sayed IM
- El Shoura Y
- El-badawy HA
- El-Dien KS
- El-Dien KS
- El-Din RA
- El-Din SA
- El-Gizawy E
- El-Hamouly AS
- El-Kashef H
- El-Latif NK
- El-Ma'doul AS
- El-Rabaa S
- El-Sagheer N
- El-Sawy A
- El-Sehily A
- El-Shahat NS
- El-Sheemy H
- El-Taher E
- Elabdin HZ
- Elashmawy M
- Elashry R
- Elazab A
- Elazayem AA
- Elazoul M
- Elbanby E
- Elbanby ES
- Elbatahgy A
- Elbe P
- Elbermawy M
- Elbisomy KH
- Eldafrawy M
- Eldamaty L
- Eldeeb AZ
- Eldeen EA
- Eldin MAB
- EldosoukyMohammed A
- Elebute O
- Elebute O
- Elena G
- Elfarargy A
- Elfeki H
- Elfeki H
- Elfiky M
- Elfil M
- Elfouly N
- Elfouly N
- Elfouly Y
- Elfouly Y
- Elgebaly A
- Elgendy AH
- Elgendy FI
- Elgheriany M
- Elhadad A
- Elhadary NM
- Elhadry S
- Elhalawany E
- Elhamouly S
- Elhelbawy MS
- Elhendawy A
- Elhendawy AOA
- Elhoseny G
- Elhusseiny AAE
- Elizabeth Lopez C
- Elkadsh I
- Elkady F
- Elkelany A
- Elkelany A
- Elkelany A
- Elkelany A
- Elkhadrawi M
- Elkhalek EA
- Elkholy A
- Elkholy SS
- Elkolaly SS
- Elkorashy AM
- Ellison Q
- Elmashala A
- Elmasry M
- Elmelegy R
- Elmihy S
- Elnagar A
- Elnajjar MA
- Elnemr AE
- Elrazek AA
- Elsabbagh N
- Elsameea AA
- Elsawahly DME
- Elsawy A
- Elsayed M
- Elsayed M
- Elsayed N
- Elsayed NAR
- Elsayed ZM
- Elsebaaye AO
- Elsehimy M
- Elsemelawy R
- Elshaar M
- Elshaer K
- Elshaer M
- Elshaer M
- Elshafay AE
- Elshami M
- Elshanwany S
- Elsharkawy AA
- Elsheikh S
- Elsherbiney S
- Elsherbiny AS
- Elsherif FA
- Elshobary M
- Elsiddig M
- Elsobky S
- Elsorogy DEAA
- Elwaey A
- Elwakil H
- Elwan A
- Elwan A
- Elwy E
- Elzahed N
- Elzayat I
- Elzayat M
- Elzayyat I
- Elzowawi F
- Emadeldin D
- Emadeldin H
- Emara E
- Emile S
- Eng C
- English W
- Esam A
- Escalante Salas MDC
- Espin-Basany E
- Espinoza F
- Essam A
- Essam AA
- Essam M
- Essoun S
- Esteban E
- Estee MM
- Estupinian S
- Etchill E
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- Etienne S
- Etman M
- Etwire V
- Evajelista CV
- Evans D
- Evans E
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- Eyssartier E
- Ezzat E
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- Faccincani R
- Fadel A
- Fahiem A
- Fahim M
- Fahmy MAB
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- Falzon M
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- Farag S
- Farah A
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- Faraz A
- Fares M
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- Farhangmehr N
- Farinella E
- Farmakis K
- Farooq T
- Farouk SAM
- Farquharson A
- Farrugia A
- Farrugia A
- Faruq A
- Fathy AM
- Fattah AA
- Fatuga A
- Faturoti O
- Faturoti O
- Faure A
- Fautz T
- Favero A
- Fawzy A
- Feidantsis T
- Felipe CO
- Fergany A
- Fergusson SJ
- Fergusson SJ
- Fergusson SJ
- Fergusson SJ
- Fermani C
- Fermani CG
- Fernandes C
- Fernandez C
- Fernandez-Bueno F
- Fernandez-Vega L
- Ferousis C
- Ferrero E
- Fievet L
- Filatau A
- Findlay-Cooper K
- Firdouse M
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- Firwana A
- Fitsum A
- Fitzgerald JE
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- Florez Farfan ES
- Foco M
- Fok CYJ
- Fontana T
- Foo CC
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- Forno W
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- Fourcade L
- Fowler AJ
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- Fozard T
- Frade F
- Fraga GP
- Francisco Roxas M
- Franco H
- Francois P
- Francois-Coridon H
- Francone E
- Freitas AV
- Frey D
- Frisk B
- Fuentes-Rivera L
- Fujii F
- Furqan MM
- Gaafar S
- Gaarder T
- Gad A
- Gad MO
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- Gadhvi V
- Gado A
- Gaignard E
- Gaignard E
- Gaizauskas V
- Gala T
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- Galiqi G
- Galleano R
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- Galvez CP
- Gamal D
- Gamal E
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- Gamaly E
- Gamil D
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- Garaycochea O
- Garcia Bernardo C
- Garcia Florez LJ
- Garcia Septiem J
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- Germanos S
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- Gerosa A
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- Guevara Torres S
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- Halicioglu I
- Hall E
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- Hashim A
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- Haslegrave A
- Hassaan A
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- Hassan I
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- Herrera Puma CM
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- Ibraheem HI
- Ibrahem AA
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- Ibrahim A
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- Ibrahim E
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- Ibrahim I
- Ibrahim K
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- Imoro O
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- Ioannidis O
- Iordache F-M
- Iqbal FM
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- Ireland P
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- Koto MZ
- Kotobi H
- Koumpa F
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- Sahel S
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- Salma U
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- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 15/10/2018
- Field of study
Background The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist has fostered safe practice for 10 years, yet its place in emergency surgery has not been assessed on a global scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate reported checklist use in emergency settings and examine the relationship with perioperative mortality in patients who had emergency laparotomy. Methods In two multinational cohort studies, adults undergoing emergency laparotomy were compared with those having elective gastrointestinal surgery. Relationships between reported checklist use and mortality were determined using multivariable logistic regression and bootstrapped simulation. Results Of 12 296 patients included from 76 countries, 4843 underwent emergency laparotomy. After adjusting for patient and disease factors, checklist use before emergency laparotomy was more common in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) (2455 of 2741, 89.6 per cent) compared with that in countries with a middle (753 of 1242, 60.6 per cent; odds ratio (OR) 0.17, 95 per cent c.i. 0.14 to 0.21, P <0001) or low (363 of 860, 422 per cent; OR 008, 007 to 010, P <0.001) HDI. Checklist use was less common in elective surgery than for emergency laparotomy in high-HDI countries (risk difference -94 (95 per cent c.i. -11.9 to -6.9) per cent; P <0001), but the relationship was reversed in low-HDI countries (+121 (+7.0 to +173) per cent; P <0001). In multivariable models, checklist use was associated with a lower 30-day perioperative mortality (OR 0.60, 0.50 to 073; P <0.001). The greatest absolute benefit was seen for emergency surgery in low- and middle-HDI countries. Conclusion Checklist use in emergency laparotomy was associated with a significantly lower perioperative mortality rate. Checklist use in low-HDI countries was half that in high-HDI countries.Peer reviewe
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- Ärnlöv J.
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- Publication venue
- Elsevier BV
- Publication date
- 03/04/2024
- Field of study
Background
Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations.
Methods
The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model—a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates—with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality—which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds.
Findings
The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2–100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1–290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1–211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4–48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3–37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7–9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles.
Interpretation
Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere
Global variation in anastomosis and end colostomy formation following left-sided colorectal resection
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- Aamer A
- Aaniana K
- Ababneh A
- Abaliksta T
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- Abbas A
- Abbas M
- Abbasy J
- Abbo O
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- Abbouch M
- Abd-Elmawla M
- Abd-Elrasoul Y
- Abdallah E
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- Abdel-Aty A
- Abdel-Hameed N
- Abdel-Kader Sm
- Abdel-Wahab Nye
- Abdelaal A
- Abdelaty M
- Abdelazeam Ar
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- Abdelaziz Ma
- Abdelbadeai K
- Abdelfatah A
- AbdelFattah I
- Abdelgelil A
- Abdelghany S
- Abdelhady S
- Abdelhamed R
- Abdelhamid A
- Abdelhaq A
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- Abdelkader M
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- Ademuyiwa Ao
- Adenekan B
- Adeniran J
- Adeniran J
- Adeniyi A
- Adeniyi A
- Adesanya O
- Adesanya O
- Adesina A
- Adesina A
- Adesuyi A
- Adeyeye A
- Adeyeye A
- Adeyeye A
- Adham W
- Adhitama N
- Adil M
- Adisa Ao
- Adisa Ao
- Adnan Ab
- Adu-Aryee N
- Afana S
- Afandy A
- Afifi Am
- Afzal M
- Agalianos C
- Agalianos C
- Agarwal A
- Agarwal A
- Agarwal A
- Agbedinu K
- Agius M
- Aglan A
- Aguilar Wlm
- Aguilar Wlm
- Aguilar-Jimenez J
- Aguilera M
- Aguilera Ml
- Aguilera Ml
- Aguilera O
- Aguilera-Arevalo Ml
- Ahlonsou G
- Ahlqvist S
- Ahlqvist S
- Ahlqvist S
- Ahmed A
- Ahmed A
- Ahmed A
- Ahmed Ea
- Ahmed H
- Ahmed H
- Ahmed H
- Ahmed Lam
- Ahmed S
- Ahmed S
- Ahmed Sm
- Ahounou Eys
- Aigrain Y
- Ajah J
- Ajai O
- Ajao A
- Ajao Ae
- Ajiboye A
- Akatibo E
- Akeel N
- Akhtar M
- Akoto E
- Akpenyi O
- Al Amin S
- Al Attar SM
- Al Awwad S
- Al Barrawi FE
- Al Bastawis F
- Al Meligy A
- Al Rafati AAR
- Al Raouf EA
- Al Saied G
- Al Subaie N
- Al-Aarag Aa
- Al-Azraqi Iaa
- Al-Bahrani A
- Al-Buhaisi A
- Al-Dakka E
- Al-Faifi Jj
- Al-Faqawi M
- Al-Farram H
- Al-Hameedi Hii
- Al-Hasani Rkmj
- Al-Khatib A
- Al-Mallah A
- Al-Marakby D
- Al-Mousa M
- Al-Nahrawi S
- Al-Obaedi O
- Al-Saqqa S
- Al-Saqqa Sw
- Al-Shammari A
- Al-Slaibi I
- Al-Taher T
- Alaael-Dein S
- Alada M
- Alahmady O
- Alakaloko F
- Alakaloko F
- Alaloul E
- Alamin S
- Alamoudi M
- Alamoudi U
- Albeladi B
- Albiety A
- Aldalaq A
- Aldhafeeri S
- Aledrisy M
- Alexander P
- Alexander P
- Alexandre C
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- Alghamdi A
- Alghamdi B
- Alghamdi M
- Alghamdi Msa
- Algohary O
- Alhabli I
- Alhady K
- Alhammali T
- Alhassan B
- Alhazmi W
- Alhendy M
- Alherz M
- Ali A
- Ali A
- Ali A
- Ali Cdm
- Ali E
- Ali Fm
- Ali H
- Ali S
- Ali Sawew
- Ali Ss
- Ali Tha
- Ali W
- Alihonou T
- Alimi Q
- Alimi Q
- Alis H
- Aliyu H
- Aliyu M
- Aliyu S
- Aljboor K
- Aljiffry M
- Aljiffry M
- Aljohani E
- Aljohani E
- Aljohani S
- Alkaaki A
- Alkammash A
- Alkelani M
- Alkhabbaz D
- Alkhouri M
- Allam M
- Allam M
- Allam Y
- Allegri A
- Allegri A
- Allen Jly
- Allen-Ingabire Jc
- Allott R
- Almallah A
- Almanon Cl
- Almoflihi A
- Almuallem S
- Almy J
- Alnaby Mh
- Alnawam E
- Alnuqaydan Sa
- Alnusairat A
- Alomar In
- Alqahtani E
- Alqahtani S
- Alrahawy M
- Alrajraji M
- Alrifaie A
- AlRowais M
- Alsaggaf M
- Alsaggaf Mu
- Alsaggaf Mu
- Alser Oh
- Alshareef R
- Altaf A
- Altaf A
- Altamimi A
- Altamimi A
- Altamimi A
- Altamimi A
- Altamini A
- Altarayra M
- Althwainy A
- Altibi A
- Altinel Y
- Altinel Y
- Altoe F
- Altwigry Am
- Altwijri A
- Alvarez Iiz
- Alvi Ar
- Alwafai Mg
- Aly Ak
- Aly Mym
- Alyacoubi S
- Alyahya R
- Alyami R
- Alyami R
- AlYoussef I
- Alzahrani M
- Alzahrani M
- Alzahrani Mna
- Alzayat T
- Aman Nf
- Amandito R
- Amandito R
- Amandito R
- Amandito R
- Ambrona-Zafra D
- Ambrozeviciute V
- Ameen M
- Amer Ma
- Amin Haa
- Amin J
- Amin J
- Amjad M
- Ammar M
- Ammar Ms
- Amoah M
- Amoako J
- Amoako Pt
- Amoako-Boateng M
- Amole I
- Amreia M
- Amreia M
- Anandkumar D
- Anderson D
- Anderson F
- Anderson R
- Anderson-Knight H
- Andersson L
- Andika Ffa
- Andreotti D
- Andress C
- Andriola V
- Ang Yl
- Angelieri D
- Anis E
- Ansaloni L
- Ansaloni L
- Ansaloni L
- Ansaloni L
- Ansaloni L
- Antar S
- Antezana D
- Anthoulakis C
- Anthoulakis C
- Antoniozzi A
- Anwar Aw
- Anwar N
- Anwer W
- Anyanwu Lj
- Anyanwu Lj
- Aonzo P
- Appeadu-Mensah W
- Appiah Ek
- Aql S
- Aquilino F
- Arachchi Pp
- Arachchige Lajj
- Arafa O
- Arafa S
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- Arango Mcm
- Arango Mcm
- Arango Mcm
- Arango Mcm
- Araujo Jslr
- Arcudi C
- Ardley R
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- Arnaud A
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- Arnaud Ap
- Arnaud Ap
- Arshad Mm
- Arslan E
- Arsyad Hm
- Arthur T
- Arulampalam T
- Aruldas N
- Asaat Ul Razi S
- Asal M
- Asar Yh
- Asare-Bediako K
- Asele Fa
- Ashour A
- Ashour A
- Ashour K
- Ashraf Sf
- Ashtari M
- Ashton A
- Asi F
- Asilah Smd
- Assal A
- Assouto Pa
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- Ata A
- Ata Aaa
- Ata Ay
- Atiyeh A
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- Atkinson K
- Atobatele K
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- Attard M
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- Attia Am
- Augestad Km
- Aung Kp
- Austraite A
- Aviles S
- Avoka A
- Awad I
- Awad Sa
- Awadallah S
- Awuku-Asabre J
- Ayad S
- Ayandipo O
- Ayandipo Oo
- Aydin Mc
- Ayyar S
- Aziz Dna
- Aziz Mra
- Aziz Na
- Azizeldine Mg
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- Azodo Ia
- Azzie G
- Azzie G
- Azzis O
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- Bachri H
- Badawy M
- Badenjki Ma
- Badicel M
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- Badr Mfm
- Badwi Nm
- Badwi Nm
- Badwy A
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- Baheeg M
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- Baillie K
- Baillie K
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- Bakhaidar M
- Baki Be
- Bakr A
- Bakry Hm
- Baky Fahmy MA
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- Ballouhey Q
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- Bamford R
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- Bamicha A
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- Bandoh D
- Bani-Sadar A
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- Baraka H
- Barakat Sae
- Barendegere V
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- Barmayehvar B
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- Barnacle J
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- Barreda Lma
- Barrientos Lam
- Barrios E
- Barrios E
- Barrios E
- Barry J
- Basilicò
- Basir Erm
- Bassem M
- Bassit Ka
- Basso Sm
- Basson S
- Basto Caa
- Batt J
- Bautista Acm
- Bautista Acm
- Bayram S
- Beamon M
- Beasley W
- Beaton C
- Bedada Ag
- Bediako-Bowan A
- Behar N
- Beisa V
- Beisa V
- Bekhet Ah
- Bekhet Nm
- Beleñ
- Belkouchi A
- Belli A
- Bello B
- Benammi S
- Benevento A
- Benevento A
- Benger M
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- Benons N
- Bentounsi Z
- Benyaiche C
- Bermú
- Bernardo Cg
- Berti S
- Bertuello I
- Beuran M
- Beuran M
- Beyene R
- Bezzina M
- Bhangu A
- Bhangu A
- Bhangu A
- Bhangu A
- Bhargava A
- Bharj Is
- Bhat S
- Bhatnagar A
- Bhattacharya S
- Bhopal Kf
- Bhopal Kf
- Bianco F
- Bigaran A
- Billy M
- Birindelli A
- Birring A
- Bisset C
- Bjö
- Bjö
- Blacker S
- Blackwell J
- Blanco R
- Blanco-Colino R
- Blencowe N
- Blencowe N
- Bliksø
- Blower E
- Bluelle R
- Blundell R
- Boakye-Yiadom K
- Boal M
- Bocchetti T
- Boddy A
- Bode C
- Bode C
- Bodur S
- Boereboom C
- Boggon A
- Boijsen M
- Bokhari S
- Bonavia K
- Bonavina L
- Bonavina L
- Bond-Smith G
- Bondin J
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- Bondurri A
- Boni S
- Bonnard A
- Bonney W
- Borda-Luque G
- Borg E
- Borg E
- Borg E
- Borin E
- Bortolasi L
- Bortolasi L
- Boshnaq M
- Botero Jam
- Botes S
- Bottini C
- Botto N
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- Bougard H
- Boukhal K
- Bowabsak A
- Bowe R
- Bowley D
- Bowling K
- Bowman C
- Boyce T
- Bré
- Bradulskis S
- Bradulskis S
- Bratu M
- Bratu Mr
- Bratu Rm
- Braungart S
- Bravo Jac
- Bray Ld
- Breistrand M
- Breitenstein S
- Breslin R
- Brincat Sd
- Broch A
- Brogden T
- Brown D
- Brown E
- Brown J
- Brown J
- Browning Drl
- Brunoni B
- Bsisu I
- Bucci L
- Bugaev N
- Bugeja R
- Buisson P
- Bukari M
- Bunting D
- Burger S
- Burmistrovas A
- Burns H
- Bustangi N
- Butt Mt
- Cabrera Ccrr
- Cacurri A
- Cadogan Dd
- Cahill R
- Caliman C
- Callan R
- Calua Ac
- Camacho R
- Cameron B
- Camilleri Gm
- Camilleri-Brennan J
- Camilleri-Brennan J
- Camilleri-Brennan Jf
- Campagnaro T
- Canto Md
- Capito C
- Capleton P
- Carabott K
- Cardozo Jt
- Cardozo Ram
- Careta Mc
- Carlucci M
- Carmona Jm
- Carneros Vj
- Carpio J
- Carrasco N
- Carreira Ja
- Cassar K
- Castillo Vdp
- Castro Mr
- Catani M
- Cautiero R
- Caydiid H
- Cecilia T
- Celik S
- Celis Jmv
- Cengiz Tb
- Cengiz Y
- Cengiz Y
- Cengiz Y
- Cengiz Y
- Ceriani C
- Cevik M
- Chabok A
- Chachulski W
- Chai Ca
- Chai Fy
- Chambers A
- Chambers A
- Chan E
- Chan L
- Chan Tk
- Chan Xw
- Chan Z
- Chandrakumar C
- Chang K
- Chang Ky
- Chapman A
- Chapman Sj
- Charles A
- Cheah Aez
- Chen Cy
- Chen Jhc
- Chen Ky
- Chen Tl
- Chenn R
- Cheong Yj
- Chetta N
- Cheung Yhe
- Chew Ls
- Chhabra S
- Chibuye C
- Chidambaram S
- Chiesa D
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- Chin Px
- Chin Yr
- Chiong Jac
- Chiong Jac
- Chiu S
- Chiu S
- Chiu Smy
- Choi J
- Choi P
- Chong Bfhk
- Chong Cl
- Chong Cl
- Chong Cl
- Chong Cs
- Chong Hy
- Chong Hy
- Choudhry A
- Chow Cyn
- Chowdhury A
- Chowdhury D
- Chu K
- Chun A
- Chun T
- Chung Kj
- Chung S
- Ciccioli E
- Cirocchi R
- Ciubotaru C
- Claire R
- Clarissa A
- Clark Dj
- Clark T
- Clegg-Lampety Jn
- Clegg-Lamptey Jn
- Clement Kd
- Clements Jm
- Clerico G
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- Cloro Lm
- Coccolini F
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- Cocorullo G
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- Cohen F
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- Coletta D
- Coletti M
- Collado Mv
- Colombani Jf
- Cona C
- Conci S
- Confalonieri G
- Conlon Kc
- Connor K
- Connor K
- Contreras E
- Contreras-Vergara Al
- Coomber R
- Coompson Cl
- Corbellini C
- Corbellino M
- Cornick J
- Coronel J
- Correa Jc
- Corro-Diaz S
- Costa C
- Costa-Maia J
- Costa-Maia J
- Costas-Chavarri A
- Costas-Chavarri A
- Courboin E
- Court E
- Cox D
- Cox M
- Coyoy-Gaitan O
- Cragg J
- Craus-Miguel A
- Cross K
- Cruz Dh
- Cruz H
- Cucumazzo S
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- Curletti G
- Currow C
- Currow C
- Cury Adl
- Dé
- D&apos
- D&apos
- D&apos
- D&apos
- D&apos
- D&apos
- Da Silva LA
- Dabboor M
- Dabbour K
- Dabessa D
- Dablouk M
- Dablouk Mo
- Dagoe E
- Dahy A
- Dainius E
- Dakubo J
- Dalli J
- Dally C
- Dambrauskas Z
- Dambrauskas Z
- Dan I
- Danelli P
- Daniels I
- Daniyan M
- Danys D
- Dao W
- Daqeeq A
- Dar M
- Dar W
- Dardenne S
- Darweesh M
- Darwish Ak
- Das A
- Das K
- Das S
- Dasari M
- Dashnyam E
- Dassah V
- Datta U
- Davenport R
- Davies J
- Davies R
- Davor A
- Dawnay G
- Dawood K
- Dawoud H
- Dayie M
- De Boni D
- De Bono P
- De Bono P
- De Castro Segundo LCB
- De Franciscis S
- De Freitas AVC
- De La Medina AR
- de Leó
- De Leon MZP
- De Leon MZP
- de Lima CVB
- De Luca E
- De Marco P
- De Sousa AV
- Deal R
- Dean R
- Deane C
- Debrah S
- Deckelbaum Dl
- Decker E
- Decoud Hp
- Dedekind B
- Dedey F
- Deichsel F
- Del Basso C
- Del Pilar Paucar A
- Delforge X
- Delgado Jm
- Delgado Msftl
- Dell A
- Dempster E
- Denewar A
- Depalma N
- Deputy M
- Der Y
- Dervenis C
- Despotidis V
- Desta S
- Deutschmann P
- Devadasar Gh
- Dharamshi Ha
- Dhillon D
- Di Franco F
- Di Martino N
- Di Saverio S
- Di Saverio S
- Diab A
- Diaconescu B
- Diaconescu Ib
- Dias S
- Diaz-Jover P
- Diaz-Zorrilla C
- Dick L
- Dickfos M
- Dickson L
- Dijan E
- Dimech T
- Din F
- Dindyal S
- Dindyal S
- Dissanayake T
- Djivoh F
- Domini E
- Domini E
- Donnelly P
- Donoghue D
- Dorani Rmnr
- Dorismé
- Dos Santos DV
- Dossou F
- Doughan S
- Doughty J
- Dousset B
- Dragatas D
- Drake Tm
- Drake Tm
- Driscoll A
- Drungilas M
- Du Plessis D
- du Plooy F
- Du Toit F
- Duane T
- Dubois A
- Dueñ
- Duffy L
- Duhoranenayo D
- Duinhouwer L
- Dulskas A
- Durand Sya
- Dwydar A
- Ebdewi H
- Ebidy M
- Ebidy Mm
- Ebrahim Os
- Eduard P
- Edwards J
- Edye M
- Eid Mm
- Eisner L
- Ekow M
- El Ashal G
- El Dahab AA
- El Deen KN
- El Galeel AA
- El Gendy NH
- El Gendy A
- El Halawany M
- El Hameed OSA
- El Hamid NA
- El Jamassi A
- El Kashash A
- El Kholy A
- El Magd AA
- El Mesery S
- El Salam YA
- El Sayed GS
- El Sayed IM
- El Shoura Y
- El Slam MA
- El-Badawy Ha
- El-Dien Ks
- El-Dien Ks
- El-Din Ra
- El-Din Sa
- El-Gizawy E
- El-Hamouly As
- El-Kashef H
- El-Latif Nka
- El-Ma&apos
- El-Rabaa S
- El-Sagheer N
- El-Salam Fa
- El-Sawy A
- El-Sehily A
- El-Shahat Ns
- El-Sheemy H
- El-Taher E
- Elabdin Hz
- Elashmawy M
- Elashry R
- Elazab A
- Elazayem Aa
- Elazoul M
- Elbanby E
- Elbanby Es
- Elbatahgy A
- Elbe P
- Elbermawy M
- Elbisomy Kh
- Eldafrawy M
- Eldamaty L
- Eldeeb Az
- Eldeen Ea
- Eldin Mab
- Elebute O
- Elebute O
- Elena G
- Elfarargy A
- Elfeki H
- Elfeki H
- Elfiky M
- Elfil M
- Elfouly N
- Elfouly N
- Elfouly Y
- Elfouly Y
- Elgebaly A
- Elgendy Ah
- Elgendy Fi
- Elgheriany M
- Elhadad A
- Elhadary Nm
- Elhadry S
- Elhalawany E
- Elhamouly S
- Elhelbawy Ms
- Elhendawy A
- Elhendawy Aoa
- Elhoseny G
- Elhusseiny Aae
- Elkadsh I
- Elkady F
- Elkelany A
- Elkelany A
- Elkelany A
- Elkelany A
- Elkhadrawi M
- Elkhalek Ea
- Elkholy A
- Elkholy Ss
- Elkolaly Ss
- Elkorashy Am
- Ellison Q
- Elmashala A
- Elmasry M
- Elmelegy R
- Elmihy S
- Elnagar A
- Elnajjar Ma
- Elnemr Ae
- Elrasoul Ya
- Elrazek Aa
- Elsabbagh N
- Elsameea Aa
- Elsawahly Dme
- Elsawy A
- Elsayed M
- Elsayed M
- Elsayed N
- Elsayed Nar
- Elsayed Zm
- Elsebaaye Ao
- Elsehimy M
- Elsemelawy R
- Elshaar M
- Elshaer K
- Elshaer M
- Elshaer M
- Elshafay Ae
- Elshami M
- Elshanwany S
- Elsharkawy Aa
- Elsheikh S
- Elsherbiney S
- Elsherbiny As
- Elsherif Fa
- Elshobary M
- Elsiddig M
- Elsobky S
- Elsorogy Deaa
- Elwaey A
- Elwakil H
- Elwan A
- Elwan A
- Elwy E
- Elzahed N
- Elzayat I
- Elzayat M
- Elzayyat I
- Elzowawi F
- Emadeldin D
- Emadeldin H
- Emara E
- Emile S
- Eng C
- English W
- Esam A
- Escobar Eg.
- Espin-Basany E
- Espinoza F
- Espinoza Kt
- Espinoza Kt
- Essam A
- Essam Aa
- Essam M
- Essoun S
- Esteban E
- Estee Mm
- Estupinian S
- Etchill E
- Etchill E
- Etienne S
- Etman M
- Etwire V
- Evajelista Cv
- Evans D
- Evans E
- Eysa A
- Eyssartier E
- Ezzat E
- Ezzat T
- Faboya O
- Faccincani R
- Fadel A
- Fahiem A
- Fahim M
- Fahy C
- Fairfield C
- Fairfield C
- Fairfield C
- Fakher R
- Falaschi F
- Falco N
- Falzon M
- Farag A
- Farag S
- Farah A
- Farahat Mm
- Faraz A
- Fares M
- Farfan Esf
- Farhad M
- Farhan-Alanie Mmh
- Farhangmehr N
- Farinella E
- Farmakis K
- Farooq T
- Farouk Sam
- Farquharson A
- Farrugia A
- Farrugia A
- Faruq A
- Fathy Am
- Fattah Aa
- Fatuga A
- Faturoti O
- Faturoti O
- Faure A
- Fautz T
- Favero A
- Fawzy A
- Feidantsis T
- Felipe Co
- Fergany A
- Fergusson Sj
- Fergusson Sj
- Fergusson Sj
- Fermani C
- Fermani Cg
- Ferná
- Fernandes C
- Fernandez-Bueno F
- Fernandez-Vega L
- Ferousis C
- Ferreira Sak
- Ferrero E
- Fievet L
- Filatau A
- Findlay-Cooper K
- Firdouse M
- Firdouse M
- Firdouse M
- Firwana A
- Fitsum A
- Fitzgerald Je
- Florez Ljg
- Foco M
- Fok Cyj
- Fontana T
- Foo Cc
- Forlin L
- Forno W
- Fouad A
- Fouad D
- Fouad D
- Fourcade L
- Fowler Aj
- Fozard T
- Fozard T
- Frade F
- Fraga Gp
- Franco H
- Francois P
- Francois-Coridon H
- Francone E
- Freitas Av
- Frey D
- Frisk B
- Fuentes-Rivera L
- Fujii F
- Furqan Mm
- Gü
- Gü
- Gaafar S
- Gaarder T
- Gad A
- Gad Mo
- Gadelkarim M
- Gadhvi V
- Gado A
- Gaiž
- Gaignard E
- Gaignard E
- Gala T
- Gala T
- Galiqi G
- Galleano R
- Gallo G
- Galloway S
- Galvez Cp
- Gamal D
- Gamal E
- Gamal H
- Gamal S
- Gamaly E
- Gamil D
- Gan C
- Gan Yy
- Gani Ma
- Garaycochea O
- Garcí
- Garcí
- Garcí
- Garcia-Florez L
- Garcia-Marin Ja
- Garcia-Perez Jm
- Garland A
- Gash K
- Gash K
- Gash K
- Gastaldi P
- Gasteratos K
- Gaujoux S
- Gavagna L
- Gbessi Dg
- Gemeah M
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- Publication venue
- 'Wiley'
- Publication date
- 27/11/2018
- Field of study
Background
End colostomy rates following colorectal resection vary across institutions in high-income settings, being influenced by patient, disease, surgeon and system factors. This study aimed to assess global variation in end colostomy rates after left-sided colorectal resection.
Methods
This study comprised an analysis of GlobalSurg-1 and -2 international, prospective, observational cohort studies (2014, 2016), including consecutive adult patients undergoing elective or emergency left-sided colorectal resection within discrete 2-week windows. Countries were grouped into high-, middle- and low-income tertiles according to the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Factors associated with colostomy formation versus primary anastomosis were explored using a multilevel, multivariable logistic regression model.
Results
In total, 1635 patients from 242 hospitals in 57 countries undergoing left-sided colorectal resection were included: 113 (6·9 per cent) from low-HDI, 254 (15·5 per cent) from middle-HDI and 1268 (77·6 per cent) from high-HDI countries. There was a higher proportion of patients with perforated disease (57·5, 40·9 and 35·4 per cent; P < 0·001) and subsequent use of end colostomy (52·2, 24·8 and 18·9 per cent; P < 0·001) in low- compared with middle- and high-HDI settings. The association with colostomy use in low-HDI settings persisted (odds ratio (OR) 3·20, 95 per cent c.i. 1·35 to 7·57; P = 0·008) after risk adjustment for malignant disease (OR 2·34, 1·65 to 3·32; P < 0·001), emergency surgery (OR 4·08, 2·73 to 6·10; P < 0·001), time to operation at least 48 h (OR 1·99, 1·28 to 3·09; P = 0·002) and disease perforation (OR 4·00, 2·81 to 5·69; P < 0·001).
Conclusion
Global differences existed in the proportion of patients receiving end stomas after left-sided colorectal resection based on income, which went beyond case mix alone
Recommended from our members
Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
- Aali Amirali
- Ababneh Hazim S
- Abate Yohannes Habtegiorgis
- Abbafati Cristiana
- Abbasgholizadeh Rouzbeh
- Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen
- Abbasian Mohammadreza
- Abbastabar Hedayat
- Abd ElHafeez Samar
- Abd-Elsalam Sherief
- Abdelmasseh Michael
- Abdelwahab Ahmed
- Abdollahi Mohammad
- Abdollahifar Mohammad-Amin
- Abdoun Meriem
- Abdulah Deldar Morad
- Abdullahi Auwal
- Abebe Mesfin
- Abebe Samrawit Shawel
- Abedi Aidin
- Abegaz Kedir Hussein
- Abhilash E S
- Abidi Hassan
- Abiodun Olumide
- Aboagye Richard Gyan
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abolmaali Meysam
- Abouzid Mohamed
- Aboye Girma Beressa
- Abreu Lucas Guimarães
- Abrha Woldu Aberhe
- Abtahi Dariush
- Abu Rumeileh Samir
- Abu-Gharbieh Eman
- Abu-Rmeileh Niveen ME
- Abu-Zaid Ahmed
- Abualruz Hasan
- Abubakar Bilyaminu
- Aburuz Salahdein
- Accrombessi Manfred Mario Kokou
- Adal Tadele Girum
- Adamu Abdu A
- Addo Isaac Yeboah
- Addolorato Giovanni
- Adebiyi Akindele Olupelumi
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Adepoju Abiola Victor
- Adetunji Charles Oluwaseun
- Adetunji Juliana Bunmi
- Adeyeoluwa Temitayo Esther
- Adeyinka Daniel Adedayo
- Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel
- Admass Biruk Adie Adie
- Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
- Adra Saryia
- Afolabi Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika
- Afzal Muhammad Sohail
- Afzal Saira
- Agampodi Suneth Buddhika
- Agasthi Pradyumna
- Aggarwal Manik
- Aghamiri Shahin
- Agide Feleke Doyore
- Agodi Antonella
- Agrawal Anurag
- Agyemang-Duah Williams
- Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
- Ahmad Aqeel
- Ahmad Danish
- Ahmad Firdos
- Ahmad Muayyad M
- Ahmad Sajjad
- Ahmad Shahzaib
- Ahmad Tauseef
- Ahmadi Keivan
- Ahmadzade Amir Mahmoud
- Ahmed Ali
- Ahmed Ayman
- Ahmed Haroon
- Ahmed Luai A
- Ahmed Mehrunnisha Sharif
- Ahmed Meqdad Saleh
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Ahmed Syed Anees
- Ajami Marjan
- Aji Budi
- Akara Essona Matatom
- Akbarialiabad Hossein
- Akinosoglou Karolina
- Akinyemiju Tomi
- Akkaif Mohammed Ahmed
- Akyirem Samuel
- Al Hamad Hanadi
- Al Hasan Syed Mahfuz
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-amer Rasmieh Mustafa
- Al-Azzam Sayer
- Al-Gheethi Adel Ali Saeed
- Al-Hanawi Mohammed Khaled
- Al-Marwani Sabah
- Al-Maweri Sadeq Ali Ali
- Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M
- Al-Omari Basem
- Al-Sabah Salman Khalifah
- Al-Tawfiq Jaffar A
- Al-Worafi Yaser Mohammed
- Alahdab Fares
- Alalalmeh Samer O
- Alalwan Tariq A
- Alam Khurshid
- Alam Manjurul
- Alam Noore
- Alanezi Fahad Mashhour
- Alanzi Turki M
- Albakri Almaza
- Albashtawy Mohammed
- AlBataineh Mohammad T
- Alcalde-Rabanal Jacqueline Elizabeth
- Aldawsari Khalifah A
- Aldhaleei Wafa A
- Aldridge Robert W
- Alema Haileselasie Berhane
- Alemayohu Mulubirhan Assefa
- Alemi Sharifullah
- Alemu Yihun Mulugeta
- Alhabib Khalid F
- Alhalaiqa Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji
- Ali Abid
- Ali Amjad
- Ali Liaqat
- Ali Mohammed Usman
- Ali Rafat
- Ali Shahid
- Ali Syed Shujait Shujait
- Alicandro Gianfranco
- Alif Sheikh Mohammad
- Alikhani Reyhaneh
- Alimohamadi Yousef
- Aliyi Ahmednur Adem
- Aljasir Mohammad A M
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Alla François
- Allebeck Peter
- Almazan Joseph Uy
- Almidani Louay
- Almidani Omar
- Alomari Mahmoud A
- Alonso Jordi
- Alqahtani Jaber S
- Alqalyoobi Shehabaldin
- Alqutaibi Ahmed Yaseen
- Altaany Zaid
- Altaf Awais
- Altirkawi Khalid A
- Aluh Deborah Oyine
- Alvis-Guzman Nelson
- Alwafi Hassan
- Aly Hany
- Aly Safwat
- Alzoubi Karem H
- Amani Reza
- Amare Azmeraw T
- Amegbor Prince M
- Ameyaw Edward Kwabena
- Amin Tarek Tawfik
- Amindarolzarbi Alireza
- Amiri Sohrab
- Amirzade-Iranaq Mohammad Hosein
- Amu Hubert
- Amugsi Dickson A
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- Lorkowski Stefan
- Lotufo Paulo A
- Lozano Rafael
- Lubinda Jailos
- Lucchetti Giancarlo
- Lugo Alessandra
- Lunevicius Raimundas
- Lám Judit
- López-Bueno Rubén
- Ma Zheng Feei
- Maass Kelsey Lynn
- Machairas Nikolaos
- Machoy Monika
- Madadizadeh Farzan
- Madsen Christian
- Madureira-Carvalho Áurea M
- Maghazachi Azzam A
- Maharaj Sandeep B
- Mahjoub Soleiman
- Mahmoud Mansour Adam
- Mahmoudi Alireza
- Mahmoudi Elham
- Mahmoudi Razzagh
- Majeed Azeem
- Makhdoom Irsa Fatima
- Malakan Rad Elaheh
- Maled Venkatesh
- Malekzadeh Reza
- Malhotra Armaan K
- Malhotra Kashish
- Malik Ahmad Azam
- Malik Iram
- Malta Deborah Carvalho
- Mamun Abdullah A
- Mansouri Pejman
- Mansournia Mohammad Ali
- Mantovani Lorenzo Giovanni
- Maqsood Sajid
- Marasini Bishnu P
- Marateb Hamid Reza
- Maravilla Joemer C
- Marconi Agustina M
- Mardi Parham
- Marino Mirko
- Marjani Abdoljalal
- Martinez Gabriel
- Martinez-Guerra Bernardo Alfonso
- Martinez-Piedra Ramon
- Martini Daniela
- Martini Santi
- Martins-Melo Francisco Rogerlândio
- Martorell Miquel
- Marx Wolfgang
- Maryam Sharmeen
- Marzo Roy Rillera
- Masaka Anthony
- Masrie Awoke
- Mathieson Stephanie
- Mathioudakis Alexander G
- Mathur Manu Raj
- Mattumpuram Jishanth
- Matzopoulos Richard
- Maude Richard James
- Maugeri Andrea
- Maulik Pallab K
- Mayeli Mahsa
- Mazaheri Maryam
- Mazidi Mohsen
- McGrath John J
- McKee Martin
- McKowen Anna Laura W
- McLaughlin Susan A
- McPhail Steven M
- Mechili Enkeleint A
- Medina John Robert Carabeo
- Mediratta Rishi P
- Meena Jitendra Kumar
- Mehra Rahul
- Mehrabani-Zeinabad Kamran
- Mehrabi Nasab Entezar
- Mekene Meto Tesfahun
- Meles Gebrekiros Gebremichael
- Mendez-Lopez Max Alberto Mendez
- Mendoza Walter
- Menezes Ritesh G
- Mengist Belayneh
- Mentis Alexios-Fotios A
- Meo Sultan Ayoub
- Meresa Haftu Asmerom
- Meretoja Atte
- Meretoja Tuomo J
- Mersha Abera M
- Mesfin Bezawit Afework
- Mestrovic Tomislav
- Mettananda Kukulege Chamila Dinushi
- Mettananda Sachith
- Meylakhs Peter
- Mhlanga Adquate
- Mhlanga Laurette
- Mi Tianyue
- Miazgowski Tomasz
- Micha Georgia
- Michalek Irmina Maria
- Miller Ted R
- Mills Edward J
- Minh Le Huu Nhat
- Mini GK
- Mir Mohammad Sadeghi Pouya
- Mirica Andreea
- Mirijello Antonio
- Mirrakhimov Erkin M
- Mirutse Mizan Kiros
- Mirzaei Maryam
- Misganaw Awoke
- Mishra Ashim
- Misra Sanjeev
- Mitchell Philip B
- Mithra Prasanna
- Mittal Chaitanya
- Mobayen Mohammadreza
- Moberg Madeline E
- Mohamadkhani Ashraf
- Mohamed Jama
- Mohamed Mouhand F H
- Mohamed Nouh Saad
- Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi Sakineh
- Mohammadi Soheil
- Mohammadian-Hafshejani Abdollah
- Mohammadifard Noushin
- Mohammed Hassen
- Mohammed Hussen
- Mohammed Mustapha
- Mohammed Salahuddin
- Mohammed Shafiu
- Mohan Viswanathan
- Mojiri-Forushani Hoda
- Mokari Amin
- Mokdad Ali H
- Molinaro Sabrina
- Molokhia Mariam
- Momtazmanesh Sara
- Monasta Lorenzo
- Mondello Stefania
- Moni Mohammad Ali
- Moodi Ghalibaf AmirAli
- Moradi Maryam
- Moradi Yousef
- Moradi-Lakeh Maziar
- Moradzadeh Maliheh
- Moraga Paula
- Morawska Lidia
- Moreira Rafael Silveira
- Morovatdar Negar
- Morrison Shane Douglas
- Morze Jakub
- Mosser Jonathan F
- Motappa Rohith
- Mougin Vincent
- Mouodi Simin
- Mousavi Khaneghah Amin
- Mousavi Parsa
- Mousavi Seyed Ehsan
- Mpolya Emmanuel A
- Mrejen Matías
- Mubarik Sumaira
- Muccioli Lorenzo
- Mueller Ulrich Otto
- Mughal Faraz
- Mukherjee Sumoni
- Mulita Francesk
- Munjal Kavita
- Murillo-Zamora Efrén
- Murray Christopher J L
- Musaigwa Fungai
- Musallam Khaled M
- Mustafa Ahmad
- Mustafa Ghulam
- Muthupandian Saravanan
- Muthusamy Raman
- Muzaffar Muhammad
- Myung Woojae
- Nagarajan Ahamarshan Jayaraman
- Nagel Gabriele
- Naghavi Mohsen
- Naghavi Pirouz
- Naheed Aliya
- Naik Ganesh R
- Naik Gurudatta
- Nainu Firzan
- Nair Sanjeev
- Najmuldeen Hastyar Hama Rashid
- Nakhostin Ansari Noureddin
- Nangia Vinay
- Naqvi Atta Abbas
- Narasimha Swamy Sreenivas
- Narayana Aparna Ichalangod
- Nargus Shumaila
- Nascimento Bruno Ramos
- Nascimento Gustavo G
- Nasehi Samar
- Nashwan Abdulqadir J
- Natto Zuhair S
- Nauman Javaid
- Naveed Muhammad
- Nayak Biswa Prakash
- Nayak Vinod C
- Nazri-Panjaki Athare
- Ndejjo Rawlance
- Nduaguba Sabina Onyinye
- Negash Hadush
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- Nejjari Chakib
- Nena Evangelia
- Nepal Samata
- Ng Marie
- Nggada Haruna Asura
- Nguefack-Tsague Georges
- Ngunjiri Josephine W
- Nguyen Anh Hoang
- Nguyen Dang H
- Nguyen Hau Thi Hien
- Nguyen Phat Tuan
- Nguyen Van Thanh
- Niazi Robina Khan
- Nielsen Katie R
- Nigatu Yeshambel T
- Nikolouzakis Taxiarchis Konstantinos
- Nikoobar Ali
- Nikoomanesh Fatemeh
- Nikpoor Amin Reza
- Ningrum Dina Nur Anggraini
- Nnaji Chukwudi A
- Nnyanzi Lawrence Achilles
- Noman Efaq Ali
- Nomura Shuhei
- Noreen Mamoona
- Noroozi Nafise
- Norrving Bo
- Noubiap Jean Jacques
- Novotney Amanda
- Nri-Ezedi Chisom Adaobi
- Ntaios George
- Ntsekhe Mpiko
- Nurrika Dieta
- Nutor Jerry John
- Nuñez-Samudio Virginia
- O'Donnell Martin James
- Oancea Bogdan
- Obamiro Kehinde O
- Oboh Mary Aigbiremo
- Odetokun Ismail A
- Odogwu Nkechi Martina
- Oduro Michael Safo
- Ofakunrin Akinyemi O D
- Ogunkoya Abiola
- Oguntade Ayodipupo Sikiru
- Oh In-Hwan
- Okati-Aliabad Hassan
- Okeke Sylvester Reuben
- Okekunle Akinkunmi Paul
- Okonji Osaretin Christabel
- Olagunju Andrew T
- Olaiya Muideen Tunbosun
- Olatubi Matthew Idowu
- Oliveira Gláucia Maria Moraes
- Olufadewa Isaac Iyinoluwa
- Olusanya Bolajoko Olubukunola
- Olusanya Jacob Olusegun
- Oluwafemi Yinka Doris
- Omar Bali Ahmed
- Omar Hany A
- Omer Goran Latif
- Ondayo Maureene Auma
- Ong Kanyin Liane
- Ong Sokking
- Onwujekwe Obinna E
- Onyedibe Kenneth Ikenna
- Ordak Michal
- Orisakwe Orish Ebere
- Orish Verner N
- Ortega-Altamirano Doris V
- Ortiz Alberto
- Osman Wael M S
- Ostroff Samuel M
- Osuagwu Uchechukwu Levi
- Otoiu Adrian
- Otstavnov Nikita
- Otstavnov Stanislav S
- Ouyahia Amel
- Ouyang Guoqing
- Owolabi Mayowa O
- Ozten Yaz
- P A Mahesh Padukudru
- Padron-Monedero Alicia
- Padubidri Jagadish Rao
- Pal Pramod Kumar
- Palicz Tamás
- Palladino Claudia
- Palladino Raffaele
- Palma-Alvarez Raul Felipe
- Pan Feng
- Pan Hai-Feng
- Pana Adrian
- Panda Paramjot
- Panda-Jonas Songhomitra
- Pandi-Perumal Seithikurippu R
- Pangaribuan Helena Ullyartha
- Panos Georgios D
- Panos Leonidas D
- Pantazopoulos Ioannis
- Pantea Stoian Anca Mihaela
- Papadopoulou Paraskevi
- Parikh Romil R
- Park Seoyeon
- Parthasarathi Ashwaghosha
- Pashaei Ava
- Pasovic Maja
- Passera Roberto
- Pasupula Deepak Kumar
- Patel Hemal M
- Patel Jay
- Patel Sangram Kishor
- Patil Shankargouda
- Patoulias Dimitrios
- Patthipati Venkata Suresh
- Paudel Uttam
- Pazoki Toroudi Hamidreza
- Pease Spencer A
- Peden Amy E
- Pedersini Paolo
- Pensato Umberto
- Pepito Veincent Christian Filipino
- Peprah Emmanuel K
- Peprah Prince
- Perdigão João
- Pereira Marcos
- Peres Mario F P
- Perianayagam Arokiasamy
- Perico Norberto
- Pestell Richard G
- Pesudovs Konrad
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- Petri William A
- Pham Hoang Tran
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- Phillips Michael R
- Pierannunzio Daniela
- Pigeolet Manon
- Pigott David M
- Pilgrim Thomas
- Piracha Zahra Zahid
- Piradov Michael A
- Pirouzpanah Saeed
- Plakkal Nishad
- Plotnikov Evgenii
- Podder Vivek
- Poddighe Dimitri
- Polinder Suzanne
- Polkinghorne Kevan R
- Poluru Ramesh
- Ponkilainen Ville T
- Porru Fabio
- Postma Maarten J
- Poudel Govinda Raj
- Pourshams Akram
- Pourtaheri Naeimeh
- Prada Sergio I
- Pradhan Pranil Man Singh
- Prakasham Thejeswar N
- Prasad Manya
- Prashant Akila
- Prates Elton Junio Sady
- Prieto Alhambra Daniel
- PRISCILLA TINA
- Pritchett Natalie
- Purohit Bharathi M
- Puvvula Jagadeesh
- Qasim Nameer Hashim
- Qattea Ibrahim
- Qazi Asma Saleem
- Qian Gangzhen
- Qiu Suli
- Qureshi Maryam Faiz
- Rabiee Rad Mehrdad
- Radfar Amir
- Radhakrishnan Raghu Anekal
- Radhakrishnan Venkatraman
- Raeisi Shahraki Hadi
- Rafferty Quinn
- Raggi Alberto
- Raghav Pankaja Raghav
- Raheem Nasiru
- Rahim Fakher
- Rahim Md Jillur
- Rahimi-Movaghar Vafa
- Rahman Md Mosfequr
- Rahman Mohammad Hifz Ur
- Rahman Mosiur
- Rahman Muhammad Aziz
- Rahmani Amir Masoud
- Rahmani Shayan
- Rahmanian Vahid
- Rajaa Sathish
- Rajput Prashant
- Rakovac Ivo
- Ramasamy Shakthi Kumaran
- Ramazanu Sheena
- Rana Kritika
- Ranabhat Chhabi Lal
- Rancic Nemanja
- Rane Amey
- Rao Chythra R
- Rao Indu Ramachandra
- Rao Mithun
- Rao Sowmya J
- Rasali Drona Prakash
- Rasella Davide
- Rashedi Sina
- Rashedi Vahid
- Rashidi Mohammad-Mahdi
- Rasouli-Saravani Ashkan
- Rasul Azad
- Rathnaiah Babu Giridhara
- Rauniyar Santosh Kumar
- Ravangard Ramin
- Ravikumar Nakul
- Rawaf David Laith
- Rawaf Salman
- Rawal Lal
- Rawassizadeh Reza
- Rawlley Bharat
- Raza Rabail Zehra
- Razo Christian
- Redwan Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed
- Rehman Faizan Ur
- Reifels Lennart
- Reiner Jr Robert C
- Remuzzi Giuseppe
- Reyes Luis Felipe
- Rezaei Maryam
- Rezaei Nazila
- Rezaei Negar
- Rezaeian Mohsen
- Rhee Taeho Gregory
- Riaz Mavra A
- Ribeiro Antonio Luiz P
- Rickard Jennifer
- Riva Hannah R
- Robinson-Oden Hannah Elizabeth
- Rodrigues Célia Fortuna
- Rodrigues Mónica
- Roever Leonardo
- Rogowski Emma Lynn Best
- Rohloff Peter
- Romadlon Debby Syahru
- Romero-Rodríguez Esperanza
- Romoli Michele
- Ronfani Luca
- Roshandel Gholamreza
- Roth Gregory A
- Rout Himanshu Sekhar
- Roy Nitai
- Roy Priyanka
- Rubagotti Enrico
- Ruela Guilherme de Andrade
- Rumisha Susan Fred
- Runghien Tilleye
- Rwegerera Godfrey M
- Rynkiewicz Andrzej
- S N Chandan
- Saad Aly M A
- Saadatian Zahra
- Saber Korosh
- Saber-Ayad Maha Mohamed
- SaberiKamarposhti Morteza
- Sabour Siamak
- Sacco Simona
- Sachdev Perminder S
- Sachdeva Rajesh
- Saddik Basema
- Saddler Adam
- Sadee Bashdar Abuzed
- Sadeghi Ehsan
- Sadeghi Erfan
- Sadeghian Farideh
- Saeb Mohammad Reza
- Saeed Umar
- Safaeinejad Fahimeh
- Safi Sher Zaman
- Sagar Rajesh
- Saghazadeh Amene
- Sagoe Dominic
- Saheb Sharif-Askari Fatemeh
- Saheb Sharif-Askari Narjes
- Sahebkar Amirhossein
- Sahoo Soumya Swaroop
- Sahoo Umakanta
- Sahu Monalisha
- Saif Zahra
- Sajid Mirza Rizwan
- Sakshaug Joseph W
- Salam Nasir
- Salamati Payman
- Salami Afeez Abolarinwa
- Salaroli Luciane B
- Saleh Mohamed A
- Salehi Sana
- Salem Marwa Rashad
- Salem Mohammed Z Y
- Salimi Sohrab
- Samadi Kafil Hossein
- Samadzadeh Sara
- Samargandy Saad
- Samodra Yoseph Leonardo
- Samy Abdallah M
- Sanabria Juan
- Sanna Francesca
- Santomauro Damian Francesco
- Santos Itamar S
- Santric-Milicevic Milena M
- Sao Jose Bruno Piassi
- Sarasmita Made Ary
- Saraswathy Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer
- Saravanan Aswini
- Saravi Babak
- Sarikhani Yaser
- Sarkar Tanmay
- Sarmiento-Suárez Rodrigo
- Sarode Gargi Sachin
- Sarode Sachin C
- Sarveazad Arash
- Sathian Brijesh
- Sathish Thirunavukkarasu
- Satpathy Maheswar
- Sayeed Abu
- Sayeed Md Abu
- Saylan Mete
- Sayyah Mehdi
- Scarmeas Nikolaos
- Schaarschmidt Benedikt Michael
- Schlaich Markus P
- Schlee Winfried
- Schmidt Maria Inês
- Schneider Ione Jayce Ceola
- Schuermans Art
- Schumacher Austin E
- Schutte Aletta Elisabeth
- Schwarzinger Michaël
- Schwebel David C
- Schwendicke Falk
- Selvaraj Siddharthan
- Senapati Sabyasachi
- Senthilkumaran Subramanian
- Sepanlou Sadaf G
- Serban Dragos
- Sethi Yashendra
- Sha Feng
- Shabany Maryam
- Shafaat Amir
- Shafie Mahan
- Shah Nilay S
- Shah Pritik A
- Shah Syed Mahboob
- Shahabi Saeed
- Shahbandi Ataollah
- Shahid Izza
- Shahid Samiah
- Shahid Wajeehah
- Shahsavari Hamid R
- Shahwan Moyad Jamal
- Shaikh Ahmed
- Shaikh Masood Ali
- Shakeri Alireza
- Shalash Ali S
- Sham Sunder
- Shamim Muhammad Aaqib
- Shams-Beyranvand Mehran
- Shamshad Hina
- Shamsi Mohammad Anas
- Shanawaz Mohd
- Shankar Abhishek
- Sharfaei Sadaf
- Sharifan Amin
- Sharifi-Rad Javad
- Sharma Rajesh
- Sharma Saurab
- Sharma Ujjawal
- Sharma Vishal
- Shastry Rajesh P
- Shavandi Amin
- Shayan Maryam
- Shehabeldine Amr Mohamed Elsayed
- Sheikh Aziz
- Sheikhi Rahim Ali
- Shen Jiabin
- Shetty Adithi
- Shetty B Suresh Kumar
- Shetty Pavanchand H
- Shi Peilin
- Shibuya Kenji
- Shiferaw Desalegn
- Shigematsu Mika
- Shin Min-Jeong
- Shin Youn Ho
- Shiri Rahman
- Shirkoohi Reza
- Shitaye Nebiyu Aniley
- Shittu Aminu
- Shiue Ivy
- Shivakumar K M
- Shivarov Velizar
- Shokraneh Farhad
- Shokri Azad
- Shool Sina
- Shorofi Seyed Afshin
- Shrestha Sunil
- Shuval Kerem
- Siddig Emmanuel Edwar
- Silva João Pedro
- Silva Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues
- Silva Soraia
- Simpson Colin R
- Singal Anjali
- Singh Abhinav
- Singh Balbir Bagicha
- Singh Garima
- Singh Jasbir
- Singh Narinder Pal
- Singh Paramdeep
- Singh Surjit
- Sinha Dhirendra Narain
- Sinto Robert
- Siraj Md Shahjahan
- Sirota Sarah Brooke
- Sitas Freddy
- Sivakumar Shravan
- Skryabin Valentin Yurievich
- Skryabina Anna Aleksandrovna
- Sleet David A
- Socea Bogdan
- Sokhan Anton
- Solanki Ranjan
- Solanki Shipra
- Soleimani Hamidreza
- Soliman Sameh S M
- Song Suhang
- Song Yimeng
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- Soriano Joan B
- Soyiri Ireneous N
- Spartalis Michael
- Spearman Sandra
- Sreeramareddy Chandrashekhar T
- Srivastava Vijay Kumar
- Stanaway Jeffrey D
- Stanikzai Muhammad Haroon
- Stark Benjamin A
- Starnes Joseph R
- Starodubova Antonina V
- Stein Caroline
- Stein Dan J
- Steinbeis Fridolin
- Steiner Caitlyn
- Steinmetz Jaimie D
- Steiropoulos Paschalis
- Stevanović Aleksandar
- Stockfelt Leo
- Stokes Mark A
- Stortecky Stefan
- Subramaniyan Vetriselvan
- Suleman Muhammad
- Suliankatchi Abdulkader Rizwan
- Sultana Abida
- Sun Haitong Zhe
- Sun Jing
- Sundström Johan
- Sunkersing David
- Sunnerhagen Katharina S
- Swain Chandan Kumar
- Szarpak Lukasz
- Szeto Mindy D
- Szócska Miklós
- Tabaee Damavandi Payam
- Tabarés-Seisdedos Rafael
- Tabatabaei Malazy Ozra
- Tabatabaei Seyyed Mohammad
- Tabatabaeizadeh Seyed-Amir
- Tabatabai Shima
- Tabish Mohammad
- TADAKAMADLA JYOTHI
- Tadakamadla Santosh Kumar
- Taheri Abkenar Yasaman
- Taheri Soodejani Moslem
- Taiba Jabeen
- Takahashi Ken
- Talaat Iman M
- Talukder Ashis
- Tampa Mircea
- Tamuzi Jacques Lukenze
- Tan Ker-Kan
- Tandukar Sarmila
- Tang Haosu
- Tang Hong K
- Tarigan Ingan Ukur
- Tariku Mengistie Kassahun
- Tariqujjaman Md
- Tarkang Elvis Enowbeyang
- Tavakoli Oliaee Razieh
- Tavangar Seyed Mohammad
- Taveira Nuno
- Tefera Yibekal Manaye
- Temsah Mohamad-Hani
- Temsah Reem Mohamad Hani
- Teramoto Masayuki
- Tesler Riki
- Teye-Kwadjo Enoch
- Thakur Rishu
- Thangaraju Pugazhenthan
- Thankappan Kavumpurathu Raman
- Tharwat Samar
- Thayakaran Rasiah
- Thomas Nihal
- Thomas Nikhil Kenny
- Thomson Azalea M
- Thrift Amanda G
- Thum Chern Choong Chern
- Thygesen Lau Caspar
- Tian Jing
- Tichopad Ales
- Ticoalu Jansje Henny Vera
- Tillawi Tala
- Tiruye Tenaw Yimer
- Titova Mariya Vladimirovna
- Tonelli Marcello
- Topor-Madry Roman
- Toriola Adetunji T
- Torre Anna E
- Touvier Mathilde
- Tovani-Palone Marcos Roberto
- Tran Jasmine T
- Tran Nghia Minh
- Trico Domenico
- Tromans Samuel Joseph
- Truyen Thien Tan Tri Tai
- Tsatsakis Aristidis
- Tsegay Guesh Mebrahtom
- Tsermpini Evangelia Eirini
- Tumurkhuu Munkhtuya
- Tung Kang
- Tyrovolas Stefanos
- Uddin Sayed Mohammad Nazim
- Udoakang Aniefiok John
- Udoh Arit
- Ullah Atta
- Ullah Irfan
- Ullah Saeed
- Ullah Sana
- Umakanthan Srikanth
- Umeokonkwo Chukwuma David
- Unim Brigid
- Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran
- Unsworth Carolyn Anne
- Upadhyay Era
- Urso Daniele
- Usman Jibrin Sammani
- Vahabi Seyed Mohammad
- Vaithinathan Asokan Govindaraj
- Valizadeh Rohollah
- Van de Velde Sarah M
- Van den Eynde Jef
- Varga Orsolya
- Vart Priya
- Varthya Shoban Babu
- Vasankari Tommi Juhani
- Vasic Milena
- Vaziri Siavash
- Vellingiri Balachandar
- Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy
- Verghese Nicholas Alexander
- Verma Madhur
- Veroux Massimiliano
- Verras Georgios-Ioannis
- Vervoort Dominique
- Villafañe Jorge Hugo
- Villanueva Gabriela Ines
- Vinayak Manish
- Violante Francesco S
- Viskadourou Maria
- Vladimirov Sergey Konstantinovitch
- Vlassov Vasily
- Vo Bay
- Vollset Stein Emil
- Vongpradith Avina
- Vos Theo
- Vujcic Isidora S
- Vukovic Rade
- Wafa Hatem A
- Waheed Yasir
- Wamai Richard G
- Wang Cong
- Wang Ning
- Wang Shu
- Wang Song
- Wang Yanzhong
- Wang Yuan-Pang
- Waqas Muhammad
- Ward Paul
- Wassie Emebet Gashaw
- Watson Stefanie
- Watson Stephanie Louise Watson
- Weerakoon Kosala Gayan
- Wei Melissa Y
- Weintraub Robert G
- Weiss Daniel J
- Westerman Ronny
- Whisnant Joanna L
- Wiangkham Taweewat
- Wickramasinghe Dakshitha Praneeth
- Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana
- Wilandika Angga
- Wilkerson Caroline
- Willeit Peter
- Wilson Shadrach
- Wojewodzic Marcin W
- Woldegebreal Demewoz H
- Wolf Axel Walter
- Wolfe Charles D A
- Wondimagegene Yohannes Addisu
- Wong Yen Jun
- Wongsin Utoomporn
- Wool Eve E
- Wu Ai-Min
- Wu Chenkai
- Wu Felicia
- Wu Xinsheng
- Wu Zenghong
- Xia Juan
- Xiao Hong
- Xie Yang
- Xu Suowen
- Xu Wang-Dong
- Xu Xiaoyue
- Xu Yvonne Yiru
- Yadollahpour Ali
- Yamagishi Kazumasa
- Yang Danting
- Yang Lin
- Yano Yuichiro
- Yao Yao
- Yaribeygi Habib
- Ye Pengpeng
- Yehualashet Sisay Shewasinad
- Yesiltepe Metin
- Yesuf Subah Abderehim
- Yezli Saber
- Yi Siyan
- Yigezu Amanuel
- Yip Paul
- Yismaw Malede Berihun
- Yismaw Yazachew
- Yiğit Arzu
- Yiğit Vahit
- Yon Dong Keon
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- Yoon Seok-Jun
- You Yuyi
- Younis Mustafa Z
- Yousefi Zabihollah
- Yu Chuanhua
- Yu Yong
- Yuh Faith H
- Zadey Siddhesh
- Zadnik Vesna
- Zafari Nima
- Zakham Fathiah
- Zaki Nazar
- Zaman Sojib Bin
- Zamora Nelson
- Zand Ramin
- Zangiabadian Moein
- Zar Heather J
- Zare Iman
- Zarrintan Armin
- Zeariya Mohammed G M
- Zeinali Zahra
- Zhang Haijun
- Zhang Jianrong
- Zhang Jingya
- Zhang Liqun
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhang Zhi-Jiang
- Zhao Hanqing
- Zhong Chenwen
- Zhou Juexiao
- Zhu Bin
- Zhu Lei
- Ziafati Makan
- Zielińska Magdalena
- Zitoun Osama A
- Zoladl Mohammad
- Zou Zhiyong
- Zuhlke Liesl J
- Zumla Alimuddin
- Zweck Elric
- Zyoud Samer H
- Ärnlöv Johan
- Šekerija Mario
- Publication venue
- Elsevier
- Publication date
- 03/04/2024
- Field of study
BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Measurement of natural and artificial radioactivity in powdered milk consumed in Jordan and estimates of the corresponding annual effective dose
- Author
- Publication venue
- 'Oxford University Press (OUP)'
- Publication date
- Field of study
Radioactivity concentrations in soil and vegetables from the northern Jordan Rift Valley and the corresponding dose estimates
- Author
- Publication venue
- 'Oxford University Press (OUP)'
- Publication date
- Field of study
Analysis of genetic heterogeneity of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from food and clinical samples from northern Jordan using VNTR, toxin profiles and antibiograms
- Publication venue
- Malaysian Society for Microbiology
- Publication date
- 01/09/2016
- Field of study
Improved QIM-based watermarking integrated to JPEG2000 coding scheme
- Author
- Publication venue
- 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
- Publication date
- Field of study