The development of path integration: combining estimations of distance and heading

Efficient daily navigation is underpinned by path integration, the mechanism by which we use self-movement information to update our position in space. This process is well-understood in adulthood, but there has been relatively little study of path integration in childhood, leading to an underrepresentation in accounts of navigational development. Previous research has shown that calculation of distance and heading both tend to be less accurate in children as they are in adults, although there have been no studies of the combined calculation of distance and heading that typifies naturalistic path integration. In the present study 5-year-olds and 7-year-olds took part in a triangle-completion task, where they were required to return to the startpoint of a multi-element path using only idiothetic information. Performance was compared to a sample of adult participants, who were found to be more accurate than children on measures of landing error, heading error, and distance error. 7-year-olds were significantly more accurate than 5-year-olds on measures of landing error and heading error, although the difference between groups was much smaller for distance error. All measures were reliably correlated with age, demonstrating a clear development of path integration abilities within the age range tested. Taken together, these data make a strong case for the inclusion of path integration within developmental models of spatial navigational processing

Флегмона желудка у ребенка 10 лет

ДЕТИЖЕЛУДКА БОЛЕЗНИ /ХИРПИЩЕВАРИТЕЛЬНАЯ СИСТЕМА, ХИРУРГИЧЕСКИЕ ОПЕРАЦИИ /МЕТОДЫХИРУРГИЧЕСКИЕ ОПЕРАЦИИ /МЕТОДЫБРЮШНАЯ ПОЛОСТЬ /ХИРДИАГНОСТИЧЕСКИЕ МЕТОДЫ ПИЩЕВАРИТЕЛЬНЫЕЛАПАРОСКОПИЯВОСПАЛЕНИЕ /ХИРФЛЕГМОНА /ХИРЖЕЛУДКА СЛИЗИСТАЯ /ПАТОЛОГ /ХИРНАГНОЕНИЕ /ХИРВ публикации описывается клиническое наблюдение ребенка с флегмоной желудка. Показаны трудности диагностики и выбора тактики лечения данной патологии у детей, а также продемонстрирована эффективность хирургического лечения (атипичной аппаратной резекции желудка) данного заболевания у крайне истощенной пациентки. Данное заболевание описано у пациентов различных возрастных групп: начиная от младенцев 3-месячного возраста и заканчивая пожилыми пациентами. Общая летальность при данной патологии достаточно высока и достигает по некоторым данным 92%, послеоперационная летальность составляет около 18%. Развитие данного заболевания связано с проникновением патогенных и условно-патогенных микроорганизмов в стенку желудка. При этом воспалительный процесс локализуется преимущественно в подслизистом слое. Клиническую картину флегмоны желудка нельзя назвать специфичной. В целом можно выделить три основных синдрома: болевой синдром, диспепсический синдром и синдром интоксикации. Помощь в диагностике данного заболевания могут оказать рентгенологические и эндоскопические методы обследования, УЗИ органов брюшной полости, а также лапароскопия. На сегодняшний день не выработана общепринятая тактика лечения пациентов с флегмоной желудка. При выборе метода лечения следует учитывать локализа- цию процесса, его распространенность, стадию заболевания, наличие осложнений. Немаловажное значение при выборе тактики имеет возраст пациента, а также наличие сопутствующих заболеваний. Флегмона желудка в детском возрасте является крайне редкой патологией и в большинстве случаев описывается как казуистика. Эффективность лечения, в том числе и хирургического, зависит от ранней диагностики и применения рациональной тактики последующего вмешательства. Щадящие методики опе- ративного лечения (атипичная аппаратная резекция желудка) данного заболевания могут применяться у крайне истощенных пациентов. Ключевые слова: флегмона желудка, клиническое наблюдение, атипичная аппаратная резекция желудка, дети, истощенные пациенты, брюшная полость, лапароскопия.The clinical observation of a gastric phlegmon in a 10-year-old child is presented in this paper. Difficulties of diagnosis and choice of treatment of this pathology in children are shown; the efficiency of surgical treatment (atypical hardware stomach resection) of the disease is demonstrated in an extremely debilitated patient. This disease is described in patients of different age groups starting from 3-month old babies and ending by elderly patients. Overall mortality of this pathology is quite high and according to some data reaches 92%; the postoperative mortality is about 18%. The development of this disease is due to penetration of pathogenic and opportunistic pathogens n the stomach wall. This inflammatory process is localized mainly in the submucosal layer. The clinical picture of a gastric phlegmon cannot be called specific. In general, it be may singled out three main syndromes: pain syndrome, dyspeptic syndrome and intoxication syndrome. Radiological and endoscopic methods of examination, ultrasound examination of the abdominal cavity and laparoscopic surgery can help in diagnosing this pathology. At present treatment tactics generally accepted for patients with a gastric phlegmon has not been worked out. In choose a treatment method the localization of the process, its prevalence, the stage of the disease, presence of complications should be taken into account. In the choice of treatment tactics is equally important to take into consideration the patient’s age and presence of accompanying diseases. A gastric phlegmon in children is an extremely rare disease and in most cases is described as casuistry. Efficacy of treatment, including surgery, depends on early diagnosis and subsequent intervention tactics. Gentle methods of surgical treatment (atypical hardware stomach resection) can be used in extremely debilitated patients. Keywords: gastric phlegmon, clinical observation, atypical hardware stomach resection, children, debilitated patients, abdominal cavity, laparoscopic surgery

Testing a dynamic field account of interactions between spatial attention and spatial working memory

Studies examining the relationship between spatial attention and spatial working memory (SWM) have shown that discrimination responses are faster for targets appearing at locations that are being maintained in SWM, and that location memory is impaired when attention is withdrawn during the delay. These observations support the proposal that sustained attention is required for successful retention in SWM: if attention is withdrawn, memory representations are likely to fail, increasing errors. In the present study, this proposal is reexamined in light of a neural process model of SWM. On the basis of the model’s functioning, we propose an alternative explanation for the observed decline in SWM performance when a secondary task is performed during retention: SWM representations drift systematically toward the location of targets appearing during the delay. To test this explanation, participants completed a color-discrimination task during the delay interval of a spatial recall task. In the critical shifting attention condition, the color stimulus could appear either toward or away from the memorized location relative to a midline reference axis. We hypothesized that if shifting attention during the delay leads to the failure of SWM representations, there should be an increase in the variance of recall errors but no change in directional error, regardless of the direction of the shift. Conversely, if shifting attention induces drift of SWM representations—as predicted by the model—there should be systematic changes in the pattern of spatial recall errors depending on the direction of the shift. Results were consistent with the latter possibility—recall errors were biased toward the location of discrimination targets appearing during the delay

Spectrin-based skeleton as an actor in cell signaling

This review focuses on the recent advances in functions of spectrins in non-erythroid cells. We discuss new data concerning the commonly known role of the spectrin-based skeleton in control of membrane organization, stability and shape, and tethering protein mosaics to the cellular motors and to all major filament systems. Particular effort has been undertaken to highlight recent advances linking spectrin to cell signaling phenomena and its participation in signal transduction pathways in many cell types

The genetic and environmental aetiology of spatial, mathematics and general anxiety

Individuals differ in their level of general anxiety as well as in their level of anxiety towards specific activities, such as mathematics and spatial tasks. Both specific anxieties correlate moderately with general anxiety, but the aetiology of their association remains unexplored. Moreover, the factor structure of spatial anxiety is to date unknown. The present study investigated the factor structure of spatial anxiety, its aetiology, and the origins of its association with general and mathematics anxiety in a sample of 1,464 19-21-year-old twin pairs from the UK representative Twins Early Development Study. Participants reported their general, mathematics and spatial anxiety as part of an online battery of tests. We found that spatial anxiety is a multifactorial construct, including two components: navigation anxiety and rotation/visualization anxiety. All anxiety measures were moderately heritable (30% to 41%), and non-shared environmental factors explained the remaining variance. Multivariate genetic analysis showed that, although some genetic and environmental factors contributed to all anxiety measures, a substantial portion of genetic and non-shared environmental influences were specific to each anxiety construct. This suggests that anxiety is a multifactorial construct phenotypically and aetiologically, highlighting the importance of studying anxiety within specific contexts

An automated, cost-effective and scalable, flood-and-drain based root phenotyping system for cereals

Background: Genetic studies on the molecular mechanisms of the regulation of root growth require the characterisation of a specific root phenotype to be linked with a certain genotype. Such studies using classical labour-intensive methods are severely hindered due to the technical limitations that are associated with the impeded observation of the root system of a plant during its growth. The aim of the research presented here was to develop a reliable, cost-effective method for the analysis of a plant root phenotype that would enable the precise characterisation of the root system architecture of cereals. Results: The presented method describes a complete system for automatic supplementation and continuous sensing of culture solution supplied to plants that are grown in transparent tubes containing a solid substrate. The presented system comprises the comprehensive pipeline consisting of a modular-based and remotely-controlled plant growth system and customized imaging setup for root and shoot phenotyping. The system enables an easy extension of the experimental capacity in order to form a combined platform that is comprised of parallel modules, each holding up to 48 plants. The conducted experiments focused on the selection of the most suitable conditions for phenotyping studies in barley: an optimal size of the glass beads, diameters of the acrylic tubes, composition of a medium, and a rate of the medium flow. Conclusions: The developed system enables an efficient, accurate and highly repeatable analysis of the morphological features of the root system of cereals. Because a simple and fully-automated control system is used, the experimental conditions can easily be normalised for different species of cereals. The scalability of the module-based system allows its capacity to be adjusted in order to meet the requirements of a particular experiment

Frequently asked questions about chlorophyll fluorescence, the sequel

[EN] Using chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence many aspects of the photosynthetic apparatus can be studied, both in vitro and, noninvasively, in vivo. Complementary techniques can help to interpret changes in the Chl a fluorescence kinetics. Kalaji et al. (Photosynth Res 122: 121-158, 2014a) addressed several questions about instruments, methods and applications based on Chl a fluorescence. Here, additionalChl a fluorescence-related topics are discussed again in a question and answer format. 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