12,519 research outputs found
Changing the Culture of Obtaining Urine Cultures; Diagnostic Stewardship Intervention Leading to Sustained Reduction in Inpatient CAUTI Rates
Implementation of an effective time-saving two-stage methodology for microstructural characterization of cemented carbides
Linear intercept on scanning electron microscopy micrographs is the most commonly used measurement method to determine carbide grain size and contiguity in WC–Co cemented carbides (hardmetals). However, it involves manual time-consuming measurements and is critically dependent on the quality of the micrographs as well as on the identification and definition of grain boundaries. In this study a two-stage methodology for microstructural characterization of hardmetals is presented. First, a digital semi-automatic image analysis procedure for grain size determination of the carbide phase is presented. It involves an experimental assessment of grain size on processed images corresponding to a series of WC–Co and WC–Ni cemented carbide grades with different microstructural characteristics. Obtained results are then compared to the values obtained by means of the linear intercept technique. A good correlation between the mean grain sizes determined following both measurement techniques was attained. Based on experimental findings, a series of empirical relations were found to correlate grain size distributions obtained following both methods. Second, an empirical relation for estimating carbide contiguity in WC–Co cemented carbides is proposed. This relation considers simultaneously the influence of the binder content and the experimentally determined mean grain size on contiguity. The proposed equation for contiguity estimation is based on extensive data collection from open literature. An excellent agreement was attained between contiguity values estimated from such equation and those obtained using the linear intercept technique. This validates the two-stage procedure as an effective time-saving methodology for microstructural characterization of WC–Co cemented carbides.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft
The gut microbiota, bile acids and their correlation in primary sclerosing cholangitis associated with inflammatory bowel disease.
BACKGROUND:
Patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis associated with inflammatory bowel disease (PSC-IBD) have a very high risk of developing colorectal neoplasia. Alterations in the gut microbiota and/or gut bile acids could account for the increase in this risk. However, no studies have yet investigated the net result of cholestasis and a potentially altered bile acid pool interacting with a dysbiotic gut flora in the inflamed colon of PSC-IBD.
AIM:
The aim of this study was to compare the gut microbiota and stool bile acid profiles, as well as and their correlation in patients with PSC-IBD and inflammatory bowel disease alone.
METHODS:
Thirty patients with extensive colitis (15 with concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis) were prospectively recruited and fresh stool samples were collected. The microbiota composition in stool was profiled using bacterial 16S rRNA sequencing. Stool bile acids were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
RESULTS:
The total stool bile acid pool was significantly reduced in PSC-IBD. Although no major differences were observed in the individual bile acid species in stool, their overall combination allowed a good separation between PSC-IBD and inflammatory bowel disease. Compared with inflammatory bowel disease alone, PSC-IBD patients demonstrated a different gut microbiota composition with enrichment in Ruminococcus and Fusobacterium genus compared with inflammatory bowel disease. At the operational taxonomic unit level major shifts were observed within the Firmicutes (73%) and Bacteroidetes phyla (17%). Specific microbiota-bile acid correlations were observed in PSC-IBD, where 12% of the operational taxonomic units strongly correlated with stool bile acids, compared with only 0.4% in non-PSC-IBD.
CONCLUSIONS:
Patients with PSC-IBD had distinct microbiota and microbiota-stool bile acid correlations as compared with inflammatory bowel disease. Whether these changes are associated with, or may predispose to, an increased risk of colorectal neoplasia needs to be further clarified.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Fractional Noether's theorem in the Riesz-Caputo sense
We prove a Noether's theorem for fractional variational problems with
Riesz-Caputo derivatives. Both Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations are
obtained. Illustrative examples in the fractional context of the calculus of
variations and optimal control are given.Comment: Accepted (25/Jan/2010) for publication in Applied Mathematics and
Computatio
Resource Provisioning Exploiting Cost and Performance Diversity within IaaS Cloud Providers
IaaS platforms such as Amazon EC2 allow clients access to massive computational power in the form of instances. Amazon hosts three different instance purchasing options, each with its own SLA covering pricing and availability. Amazon also offers access to a number of geographical regions, zones, and instance types to select from. In this thesis, the problem of utilizing Spot and On-Demand instances is analyzed and two approaches are presented in order to exploit the cost and performance diversity among different instance types and availability zones, and among the Spot markets they represent. We first develop RAMP, a framework designed to calculate the expected profit of using a specific Spot or On-Demand instance through an evaluation of instance reliability. RAMP is extended to develop RAMC-DC, a framework designed to allocate the most cost effective instance through strategies that facilitate interchangeability of instances among short jobs, reliability of instances among long jobs, and a comparison of the estimated costs of possible allocations. RAMC-DC achieves fault tolerance through comparisons of the price dynamics across instance types and availability zones, and through an examination of three basic checkpointing methods. Evaluations demonstrate that both frameworks take a large step toward low-volatility, high cost-efficiency resource provisioning. While achieving early-termination rates as low as 2.2%, RAMP can completely offset the total cost when charging the user just 17.5% of the On-Demand price. Moreover, the increases in profit resulting from relatively small additional charges to users are notably high, i.e., 100% profit compared to the resource provisioning cost with 35% of the equivalent On-Demand price. RAMC-DC can maintain deadline breaches below 1.8% of all jobs, achieve both early-termination and deadline breach rates as low as 0.5% of all jobs, and lowers total costs by between 80% and 87% compared to using only On-Demand instances
Dynamics of a Double-Impulsive Control Model of Integrated Pest Management Using Perturbation Methods and Floquet Theory
We formulate an integrated pest management model to control natural pests of
the crop through the periodic application of biopesticide and chemical
pesticides. In a theoretical analysis of the system pest eradication, a
periodic solution is found and established. All the system variables are proved
to be bounded. Our main goal is then to ensure that pesticides are optimized,
in terms of pesticide concentration and pesticide application frequency, and
that the optimum combination of pesticides is found to provide the most benefit
to the crop. By using Floquet theory and the small amplitude perturbation
method, we prove that the pest eradication periodic solution is locally and
globally stable. The acquired results establish a threshold time limit for the
impulsive release of various controls as well as some valid theoretical
conclusions for effective pest management. Furthermore, after a numerical
comparison, we conclude that integrated pest management is more effective than
single biological or chemical controls. Finally, we illustrate the analytical
results through numerical simulations.Comment: This is a preprint of a paper whose final and definite form is
published Open Access in 'Axioms' at [https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms12040391
Engineering a Vascularized 3D Hybrid System to Model Tumor-Stroma Interactions in Breast Cancer
The stromal microenvironment of breast tumors, namely the vasculature, has a key role in tumor development and metastatic spread. Tumor angiogenesis is a coordinated process, requiring the cooperation of cancer cells, stromal cells, such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells, secreted factors and the extracellular matrix (ECM). In vitro models capable of capturing such complex environment are still scarce, but are pivotal to improve success rates in drug development and screening. To address this challenge, we developed a hybrid alginate-based 3D system, combining hydrogel-embedded mammary epithelial cells (parenchymal compartment) with a porous scaffold co-seeded with fibroblasts and endothelial cells (vascularized stromal compartment). For the stromal compartment, we used porous alginate scaffolds produced by freeze-drying with particle leaching, a simple, low-cost and non-toxic approach that provided storable ready-to-use scaffolds fitting the wells of standard 96-well plates. Co-seeded endothelial cells and fibroblasts were able to adhere to the surface, spread and organize into tubular-like structures. For the parenchymal compartment, a designed alginate gel precursor solution load with mammary epithelial cells was added to the pores of pre-vascularized scaffolds, forming a hydrogel in situ by ionic crosslinking. The 3D hybrid system supports epithelial morphogenesis in organoids/tumoroids and endothelial tubulogenesis, allowing heterotypic cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions, while presenting excellent experimental tractability for whole-mount confocal microscopy, histology and mild cell recovery for down-stream analysis. It thus provides a unique 3D in vitro platform to dissect epithelial-stromal interactions and tumor angiogenesis, which may assist in the development of selective and more effective anticancer therapies.We would like to acknowledge FEDER – Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional funds through the COMPETE 2020 – Operational Programme Competitiveness and Internationalization (POCI), Portugal 2020, and Portuguese funds through FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior in the framework of Project ANGIONICHE (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028744 and PTDC/BTMMAT/28744/2017). The authors thank FCT for research contract DL 57/2016/CP1360/CT0006 (SB), junior research contract in the framework of the project Angioniche (AT), and IF research position IF/00296/2015 (CB)
Magnetic deflections and possible sources of the ultra-high-energy cosmic rays in the AGASA-HiRes-Yakutsk cluster
The cluster of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays observed by the AGASA, HiRes and
Yakutsk experiments is studied with respect to possible deflections of
particles in regular magnetic fields. Best-fit positions of a potential source
of these clustered particles are found, with account of the errors in energy
estimation, both in the frameworks of particular models of the Galactic
magnetic field and treating the direction and the amount of deflection as free
parameters. The study suggests that an unknown regular component of either
Galactic or extragalactic magnetic field may dominate over modelled components
in the direction of the cluster. Possible sources of the cosmic rays in that
direction are considered.Comment: 18 pages, 3 eps figures, iopart.cl
Farming awareness based optimum interventions for crop pest control
We develop a mathematical model, based on a system of ordinary differential
equations, to the upshot of farming alertness in crop pest administration,
bearing in mind plant biomass, pest, and level of control. Main qualitative
analysis of the proposed mathematical model, akin to both pest-free and
coexistence equilibrium points and stability analysis, is investigated. We show
that all solutions of the model are positive and bounded with initial
conditions in a certain significant set. The local stability of pest-free and
coexistence equilibria is shown using the Routh-Hurwitz criterion. Moreover, we
prove that when a threshold value is less than one, then the pest-free
equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable. To get optimum interventions for
crop pests, that is, to decrease the number of pests in the crop field, we
apply optimal control theory and find the corresponding optimal controls. We
establish existence of optimal controls and characterize them using
Pontryagin's minimum principle. Finally, we make use of numerical simulations
to illustrate the theoretical analysis of the proposed model, with and without
control measures.Comment: This is a preprint of a paper whose final and definite form is
published Open Access in 'Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering',
available in [https://doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2021272]. Please cite this article
as: T. Abraha, F. Al Basir, L. L. Obsu and D. F. M. Torres, Farming awareness
based optimum interventions for crop pest control, Math. Biosci. Eng. 18
(2021), no. 5, 5364--539
Antioxidant responses under salinity and drought in three closely related wild monocots with different ecological optima
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photosynthetic pigments; salt stress; water deficiency stress.This work was financed by internal funds for research support of the Polytechnic University of Valencia to M.P.D.-T., M.B. and O.V.Al Hassan, M.; Chaura, J.; Donat-Torres, MP.; Boscaiu, M.; Vicente, O. (2017). Antioxidant responses under salinity and drought in three closely related wild monocots with different ecological optima. AoB Plants. 9(2):1-20. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plx009S12092Abogadallah, G. M. (2010). Insights into the significance of antioxidative defense under salt stress. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 5(4), 369-374. doi:10.4161/psb.5.4.10873Aebi, H. (1984). [13] Catalase in vitro. Oxygen Radicals in Biological Systems, 121-126. doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(84)05016-3Al Hassan, M., López-Gresa, M. del P., Boscaiu, M., & Vicente, O. (2016). Stress tolerance mechanisms in Juncus: responses to salinity and drought in three Juncus species adapted to different natural environments. 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J., & Yu, Z. L. (2006). Effect of salt and drought stress on antioxidant enzymes activities and SOD isoenzymes of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch). Plant Growth Regulation, 49(2-3), 157-165. doi:10.1007/s10725-006-9101-yParida, A. K., Das, A. B., Sanada, Y., & Mohanty, P. (2004). Effects of salinity on biochemical components of the mangrove, Aegiceras corniculatum. Aquatic Botany, 80(2), 77-87. doi:10.1016/j.aquabot.2004.07.005Quiles, M. J., & López, N. I. (2004). Photoinhibition of photosystems I and II induced by exposure to high light intensity during oat plant growth. Plant Science, 166(3), 815-823. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2003.11.025Richards, S. L., Laohavisit, A., Mortimer, J. C., Shabala, L., Swarbreck, S. M., Shabala, S., & Davies, J. M. (2013). Annexin 1 regulates the H2O2-induced calcium signature inArabidopsis thalianaroots. The Plant Journal, 77(1), 136-145. doi:10.1111/tpj.12372Rossel, J. B. (2002). 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