485 research outputs found
Delivery Practices of Traditional Birth Attendants in Dhaka Slums, Bangladesh
This paper describes associations among delivery-location, training of birth attendants, birthing practices, and early postpartum morbidity in women in slum areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh. During November 1993âMay 1995, data on delivery-location, training of birth attendants, birthing practices, delivery-related complications, and postpartum morbidity were collected through interviews with 1,506 women, 489 home-based birth attendants, and audits in 20 facilities where the women from this study gave birth. Associations among maternal characteristics, birth practices, delivery-location, and early postpartum morbidity were specifically explored. Self-reported postpartum morbidity was associated with maternal characteristics, delivery-related complications, and some birthing practices. Dais with more experience were more likely to use potentially-harmful birthing practices which increased the risk of postpartum morbidity among women with births at home. Postpartum morbidity did not differ by birth-location. Safe motherhood programmes must develop effective strategies to discourage potentially-harmful home-based delivery practices demonstrated to contribute to morbidity
A panoramic mid-infrared survey of two distant clusters
We present panoramic Spitzer MIPS 24 ÎŒm observations, covering ~9 Ă 9 Mpc2 (25' Ă 25') fields around two massive clusters, Cl 0024+16 and MS 0451-03, at z = 0.39 and z = 0.55, respectively, reaching a 5 Ï flux limit of ~200 ÎŒJy. Our observations cover a very wide range of environments within these clusters, from high-density regions around the cores out to the turnaround radius. Cross-correlating the mid-infrared catalogs with deep optical and near-infrared imaging of these fields, we investigate the optical/near-infrared colors of the mid-infrared sources. We find excesses of mid-infrared sources with the optical/near-infrared colors expected of cluster members in the two clusters and test this selection using spectroscopically confirmed 24 ÎŒm members. The much more significant excess is associated with Cl 0024+16, whereas MS 0451-03 has comparatively few mid-infrared sources. The mid-infrared galaxy population in Cl 0024+16 appears to be associated with dusty star-forming galaxies (typically redder than the general cluster population by up to AV ~ 1-2 mag) rather than emission from dusty tori around active galactic nuclei in early-type hosts. We compare the star formation rates derived from the total infrared (8-1000 ÎŒm) luminosities for the mid-infrared sources in Cl 0024+16 with those estimated from a published Hα survey, finding rates 5 times those found from Hα, indicating significant obscured activity in the cluster population. Compared to previous mid-infrared surveys of clusters from z ~ 0-0.5, we find evidence for strong evolution of the level of dust-obscured star formation in dense environments to z = 0.5, analogous to the rise in the fraction of optically selected star-forming galaxies seen in clusters and the field out to similar redshifts. However, there are clearly significant cluster-to-cluster variations in the populations of mid-infrared sources, probably reflecting differences in the intracluster media and recent dynamical evolution of these systems
Delivery Practices of Traditional Birth Attendants in Dhaka Slums, Bangladesh
This paper describes associations among delivery-location, training of
birth attendants, birthing practices, and early postpartum morbidity in
women in slum areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh. During November 1993-May
1995, data on delivery-location, training of birth attendants, birthing
practices, delivery-related complications, and postpartum morbidity
were collected through interviews with 1,506 women, 489 home-based
birth attendants, and audits in 20 facilities where the women from this
study gave birth. Associations among maternal characteristics, birth
practices, delivery-location, and early postpartum morbidity were
specifically explored. Self-reported postpartum morbidity was
associated with maternal characteristics, delivery-related
complications, and some birthing practices. Dais with more experience
were more likely to use potentially-harmful birthing practices which
increased the risk of postpartum morbidity among women with births at
home. Postpartum morbidity did not differ by birth-location. Safe
motherhood programmes must develop effective strategies to discourage
potentially-harmful home-based delivery practices demonstrated to
contribute to morbidity
Measurement of the 58Ni(α, γ) 62Zn reaction and its astrophysical impact
Funding Details: PHY 08-22648, NSF, National Science Foundation; PHY 0969058, NSF, National Science Foundation; PHY 1102511, NSF, National Science FoundationCross section measurements of the 58Ni(α,γ)62Zn reaction were performed in the energy range Eα=5.5to9.5 MeV at the Nuclear Science Laboratory of the University of Notre Dame, using the NSCL Summing NaI(Tl) detector and the γ-summing technique. The measurements are compared to predictions in the statistical Hauser-Feshbach model of nuclear reactions using the SMARAGD code. It is found that the energy dependence of the cross section is reproduced well but the absolute value is overestimated by the prediction. This can be remedied by rescaling the α width by a factor of 0.45. Stellar reactivities were calculated with the rescaled α width and their impact on nucleosynthesis in type Ia supernovae has been studied. It is found that the resulting abundances change by up to 5% when using the new reactivities. © 2014 American Physical Society.Peer reviewe
Topological Orthoalgebras
We define topological orthoalgebras (TOAs) and study their properties. While
every topological orthomodular lattice is a TOA, the lattice of projections of
a Hilbert space is an example of a lattice-ordered TOA that is not a toplogical
lattice. On the other hand, we show that every compact Boolean TOA is a
topological Boolean algebra. We also show that a compact TOA in which 0 is an
isolated point is atomic and of finite height. We identify and study a
particularly tractable class of TOAs, which we call {\em stably ordered}: those
in which the upper-set generated by an open set is open. This includes all
topological OMLs, and also the projection lattices of Hilbert spaces. Finally,
we obtain a topological version of the Foulis-Randall representation theory for
stably ordered TOAsComment: 16 pp, LaTex. Minor changes and corrections in sections 1; more
substantial corrections in section
Nuclear obscuration in the high-ionization Seyfert 2 galaxy Tol 0109-383
We report the BeppoSAX detection of a hard X-ray excess in the X-ray spectrum
of the classical high-ionization Seyfert 2 galaxy Tol0109-383. The X-ray
emission of this source observed below 7 keV is dominated by reflection from
both cold and ionized gas, as seen in the ASCA data. The excess hard X-ray
emission is presumably due to the central source absorbed by an optically thick
obscuring torus with N(H)~2e24 cm-2. The strong cold X-ray reflection, if it is
produced at the inner surface of the torus, is consistent with the picture
where much of the inner nucleus of Tol0109-383 is exposed to direct view, as
indicated by optical and infrared properties. However, the X-ray absorption
must occur at small radii in order to hide the central X-ray source but leave
the optical high-ionization emission line region unobscured. This may also be
the case for objects like the Seyfert 1 galaxy Mrk231.Comment: 7 pages, MNRAS in pres
Statistical Theory of Spin Relaxation and Diffusion in Solids
A comprehensive theoretical description is given for the spin relaxation and
diffusion in solids. The formulation is made in a general
statistical-mechanical way. The method of the nonequilibrium statistical
operator (NSO) developed by D. N. Zubarev is employed to analyze a relaxation
dynamics of a spin subsystem. Perturbation of this subsystem in solids may
produce a nonequilibrium state which is then relaxed to an equilibrium state
due to the interaction between the particles or with a thermal bath (lattice).
The generalized kinetic equations were derived previously for a system weakly
coupled to a thermal bath to elucidate the nature of transport and relaxation
processes. In this paper, these results are used to describe the relaxation and
diffusion of nuclear spins in solids. The aim is to formulate a successive and
coherent microscopic description of the nuclear magnetic relaxation and
diffusion in solids. The nuclear spin-lattice relaxation is considered and the
Gorter relation is derived. As an example, a theory of spin diffusion of the
nuclear magnetic moment in dilute alloys (like Cu-Mn) is developed. It is shown
that due to the dipolar interaction between host nuclear spins and impurity
spins, a nonuniform distribution in the host nuclear spin system will occur and
consequently the macroscopic relaxation time will be strongly determined by the
spin diffusion. The explicit expressions for the relaxation time in certain
physically relevant cases are given.Comment: 41 pages, 119 Refs. Corrected typos, added reference
Uterotonics for prevention of postpartum haemorrhage: EN-BIRTH multi-country validation study
Background
Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is a leading cause of preventable maternal mortality worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends uterotonic administration for every woman after birth to prevent PPH. There are no standardised data collected in large-scale measurement platforms. The Every Newborn Birth Indicators Research Tracking in Hospitals (EN-BIRTH) is an observational study to assess the validity of measurement of maternal and newborn indicators, and this paper reports findings regarding measurement of coverage and quality for uterotonics.
Methods
The EN-BIRTH study took place in five hospitals in Bangladesh, Nepal and Tanzania, from July 2017 to July 2018. Clinical observers collected tablet-based, time-stamped data. We compared observation data for uterotonics to routine hospital register-records and womenâs report at exit-interview survey. We analysed the coverage and quality gap for timing and dose of administration. The register design was evaluated against gap analyses and qualitative interview data assessing the barriers and enablers to data recording and use.
Results
Observed uterotonic coverage was high in all five hospitals (>â99%, 95% CI 98.7â99.8%). Survey-report underestimated coverage (79.5 to 91.7%). âDonât knowâ replies varied (2.1 to 14.4%) and were higher after caesarean (3.7 to 59.3%). Overall, there was low accuracy in survey data for details of uterotonic administration (type and timing). Register-recorded coverage varied in four hospitals capturing uterotonics in a specific column (21.6, 64.5, 97.6, 99.4%). The average coverage measurement gap was 18.1% for register-recorded and 6.0% for survey-reported coverage. Uterotonics were given to 15.9% of women within the âright timeâ (1âmin) and 69.8% within 3âmin. Womenâs report of knowing the purpose of uterotonics after birth ranged from 0.4 to 64.9% between hospitals. Enabling register design and adequate staffing were reported to improve routine recording.
Conclusions
Routine registers have potential to track uterotonic coverage â register data were highly accurate in two EN-BIRTH hospitals, compared to consistently underestimated coverage by survey-report. Although uterotonic coverage was high, there were gaps in observed quality for timing and dose. Standardisation of register design and implementation could improve data quality and data flow from registers into health management information reporting systems, and requires further assessment
An Integrated TCGA Pan-Cancer Clinical Data Resource to Drive High-Quality Survival Outcome Analytics
For a decade, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) program collected clinicopathologic annotation data along with multi-platform molecular profiles of more than 11,000 human tumors across 33 different cancer types. TCGA clinical data contain key features representing the democratized nature of the data collection process. To ensure proper use of this large clinical dataset associated with genomic features, we developed a standardized dataset named the TCGA Pan-Cancer Clinical Data Resource (TCGA-CDR), which includes four major clinical outcome endpoints. In addition to detailing major challenges and statistical limitations encountered during the effort of integrating the acquired clinical data, we present a summary that includes endpoint usage recommendations for each cancer type. These TCGA-CDR findings appear to be consistent with cancer genomics studies independent of the TCGA effort and provide opportunities for investigating cancer biology using clinical correlates at an unprecedented scale. Analysis of clinicopathologic annotations for over 11,000 cancer patients in the TCGA program leads to the generation of TCGA Clinical Data Resource, which provides recommendations of clinical outcome endpoint usage for 33 cancer types
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