Quantitative Profiling of the Lymph Node Clearance Capacity

Transport of tissue-derived lymphatic fluid and clearance by draining lymph nodes are pivotal for maintenance of fluid homeostasis in the body and for immune-surveillance of the self- and non-self-proteomes. Yet a quantitative analysis of nodal filtration of the tissue-derived proteome present in lymphatic fluid has not been reported. Here we quantified the efficiency of nodal clearance of the composite proteomic load using label-free and isotope-labeling proteomic analysis of pre-nodal and post-nodal samples collected by direct cannulation. These results were extended by quantitation of the filtration efficiency of fluorophore-labeled proteins, bacteria, and beads infused at physiological flow rates into pre-nodal lymphatic collectors and collected by post-nodal cannulation. We developed a linear model of nodal filtration efficiency dependent on pre-nodal protein concentrations and molecular weight, and uncovered criteria for disposing the proteome incoming from defined anatomical districts under physiological conditions. These findings are pivotal to understanding the maximal antigenic load sustainable by a draining node, and promote understanding of pathogen spreading and nodal filtration of tumor metastasis, potentially helping to improve design of vaccination protocols, immunization strategies and drug delivery

Brown bear attacks on humans : a worldwide perspective

The increasing trend of large carnivore attacks on humans not only raises human safety concerns but may also undermine large carnivore conservation efforts. Although rare, attacks by brown bears Ursus arctos are also on the rise and, although several studies have addressed this issue at local scales, information is lacking on a worldwide scale. Here, we investigated brown bear attacks (n = 664) on humans between 2000 and 2015 across most of the range inhabited by the species: North America (n = 183), Europe (n = 291), and East (n = 190). When the attacks occurred, half of the people were engaged in leisure activities and the main scenario was an encounter with a female with cubs. Attacks have increased significantly over time and were more frequent at high bear and low human population densities. There was no significant difference in the number of attacks between continents or between countries with different hunting practices. Understanding global patterns of bear attacks can help reduce dangerous encounters and, consequently, is crucial for informing wildlife managers and the public about appropriate measures to reduce this kind of conflicts in bear country.Peer reviewe

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ДИНАМИКИ ТЕРРИТОРИАЛЬНОГО РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ И ЭКОЛОГИИ РЕДКИХ МЛЕКОПИТАЮЩИХ ТАЕЖНОЙ ЕВРАЗИИ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ЛЕТЯГИ PTEROMYS VOLANS, RODENTIA, PTEROMYIDAE) in English INVESTIGATION OF THE DYNAMICS OF REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY OF RARE MAMMALS TAIGA EURASIA (FOR EXAMPLE Letyago PTEROMYS VOLANS, RODENTIA, PTEROMYIDAE)

This study of the spatial distribution and ecology of the flying squirrel during the turn of the 20th century provides a description of new methods and techniques for detecting and accounting flying squirrels in the forest zone of Eurasia. The flying squirrel population area covers the territory of 61 regions of Russia, including Kamchatsky Krai and Chukotka Autonomous District. The number of flying squirrels in Karelia especially to the east – in the Arkhangelsk region and Western Siberia – significantly exceeds that of Finland, but considerable spatial variability in the number is obvious through all the regions: there are areas where this animal is quite abundant, or inhabits all the territory rather evenly, and there are areas where it is completely absent in vast territories even with seemingly favourable conditions. The flying squirrel is quite difficult to study and the reasons of its absence in obviously favourable areas are still to be explained. Some reasons are: the specificity of favourable landscape, forest coverage pattern, trophic relationships with predators and genetic aspect. A number of hypotheses are supposed to be tested in the nearest future. Key words: accounting, flying squirrel, forest zone, home range, spatial distribution.Peer reviewe

Phenological shifts of abiotic events, producers and consumers across a continent

Ongoing climate change can shift organism phenology in ways that vary depending on species, habitats and climate factors studied. To probe for large-scale patterns in associated phenological change, we use 70,709 observations from six decades of systematic monitoring across the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Among 110 phenological events related to plants, birds, insects, amphibians and fungi, we find a mosaic of change, defying simple predictions of earlier springs, later autumns and stronger changes at higher latitudes and elevations. Site mean temperature emerged as a strong predictor of local phenology, but the magnitude and direction of change varied with trophic level and the relative timing of an event. Beyond temperature-associated variation, we uncover high variation among both sites and years, with some sites being characterized by disproportionately long seasons and others by short ones. Our findings emphasize concerns regarding ecosystem integrity and highlight the difficulty of predicting climate change outcomes. The authors use systematic monitoring across the former USSR to investigate phenological changes across taxa. The long-term mean temperature of a site emerged as a strong predictor of phenological change, with further imprints of trophic level, event timing, site, year and biotic interactions.Peer reviewe

Chronicles of nature calendar, a long-term and large-scale multitaxon database on phenology

We present an extensive, large-scale, long-term and multitaxon database on phenological and climatic variation, involving 506,186 observation dates acquired in 471 localities in Russian Federation, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan. The data cover the period 1890-2018, with 96% of the data being from 1960 onwards. The database is rich in plants, birds and climatic events, but also includes insects, amphibians, reptiles and fungi. The database includes multiple events per species, such as the onset days of leaf unfolding and leaf fall for plants, and the days for first spring and last autumn occurrences for birds. The data were acquired using standardized methods by permanent staff of national parks and nature reserves (87% of the data) and members of a phenological observation network (13% of the data). The database is valuable for exploring how species respond in their phenology to climate change. Large-scale analyses of spatial variation in phenological response can help to better predict the consequences of species and community responses to climate change.Peer reviewe

КОЛИЧЕСТВЕННЫЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ ЛЕЙКОЦИТАРНОЙ СОСТАВЛЯЮЩЕЙ ПЕРИФЕРИЧЕСКОЙ КРОВИ БЕЛЫХ МЫШЕЙ ПОСЛЕ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ ЭЛЕКТРОМАГНИТНОГО ПОЛЯ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОЙ ЧАСТОТЫ

The electromagnetic field of industrial frequency (50 Hz) is an important environmental factor with biological activity. Radiation sources of this frequency range extended everywhere currently and have a continuing impact on different groups of organisms. Article examines the actual question of the influence of the electromagnetic field of industrial frequency on the quantitative composition of the white blood cells of small mammals. The study was performed on adult albino mice, with condition of identical selection of animals for the experimental and control groups of the experiment. It is shown, that prolonged presence in the zone of influence of this factor causes quantitative changes in leukocyte component of peripheral blood of laboratory mice. The changes of total and absolute number of peripheral blood leukocytes of animals that were in the zone of influence of the electromagnetic field of industrial frequency and also a different direction of these changes for males and females were identified. Absence of changes in the proportion of different forms of peripheral blood leukocytes of the experimental group animals was observed.Электромагнитное поле промышленной частоты (50 Гц) является значимым экологическим фактором, обладающим биологической активностью. Источники излучения данного частотного диапазона в настоящее время распространены повсеместно и оказывают непрекращающееся воздействие на различные группы организмов. Статья посвящена изучению актуального вопроса о влиянии электромагнитного поля промышленной частоты на количественный состав белой крови мелких млекопитающих. Исследование выполнено на взрослых белых мышах, при условии идентичности подбора животных опытной и контрольной групп эксперимента. Показано, что длительное нахождение в зоне воздействия этого фактора вызывает количественные изменения лейкоцитарной составляющей периферической крови лабораторных мышей. Выявлены изменения общего и абсолютного количества лейкоцитов периферической крови животных, находившихся в зоне воздействия электромагнитного поля промышленной частоты, а также различное направление описанных изменений для самцов и самок. Отмечено отсутствие изменений в доле различных форм лейкоцитов периферической крови животных опытной группы

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Strategy of NPP I&C Systems’ Modernization in Ukraine

The stages of modernization of Ukrainian NPP I&C systems are described in the paper. The first stage (1993—2000) was characterized by use of systems designed by foreign (including USA) companies. The second stage (2001—2011) was characterized by use of systems designed by Ukrainian companies. The modernization strategy is analyzed in two aspects: the strategy of operators and the strategy of I&C systems’ designers. Some features peculiar to the strategy of designers are: an aggregate of hardware, software and service apparatus called “hardware-software complex” (HSC) as central part of systems, which are delivered to NPPs in full assembly and are connected to peripheral equipment at NPP; use of FPGA for performance of safety functions; elaboration of new equipment families. The third stage starts in 2012 and is related to construction of two new units (Khmelnitsky-3 and 4). A new regulatory framework, including regulatory requirements, will be elaborated for I&C systems of these units.Міжнародні конференції «Інформаційні та керуючі системи АЕС і техніка людино-машинного інтерфейсу», що організовуються кожні два-три роки Ядерним товариством США, збирають учасників практично з усіх країн, де експлуатуються або будуються АЕС. У статті наводяться матеріали доповіді «Стратегія модернізації ІКС АЕС в Україні», представленої на 8-й конференції, що відбулася в липні 2012 р. в США (секція «Досвід модернізації АЕС»). Автори аналізують три стадії модернізації ІКС АЕС в Україні. Перша стадія (1993—2000) характеризується використанням систем, розроблених зарубіжними компаніями, друга (2001—2011) — вітчизняними розробниками, третя (з 2012 р.) стадія пов’язана з розробкою нової нормативної бази з ІКС АЕС і підготовкою до спорудження двох нових енергоблоків.Международные конференции «Информационные и управляющие системы АЭС и техника человеко- машинного интерфейса», организуемые каждые два-три года Ядерным обществом США, собирают участников практически из всех стран, где эксплуатируются или строятся АЭС. В статье приводятся материалы доклада «Стратегия модернизации ИУС АЭС в Украине», представленной на 8-й конференции, состоявшейся в июле 2012 г. в США (секция «Опыт модернизации АЭС»). Авторы анализируют три стадии модернизации ИУС АЭС в Украине. Первая стадия (1993— 2000) характеризуется использованием систем, разработанных зарубежными компаниями, вторая (2001—2011) — отечественными разработчиками, третья (с 2012 г.) стадия связана с разработкой новой нормативной базы по ИУС АЭС и подготовкой к строительству двух новых энергоблоков