OBOE: an Explainable Text Classification Framework

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has recently gained visibility as one of the main topics of Artificial Intelligence research due to, among others, the need to provide a meaningful justification of the reasons behind the decision of black-box algorithms. Current approaches are based on model agnostic or ad-hoc solutions and, although there are frameworks that define workflows to generate meaningful explanations, a text classification framework that provides such explanations considering the different ingredients involved in the classification process (data, model, explanations, and users) is still missing. With the intention of covering this research gap, in this paper we present a text classification framework called OBOE (explanatiOns Based On concEpts), in which such ingredients play an active role to open the black-box. OBOE defines different components whose implementation can be customized and, thus, explanations are adapted to specific contexts. We also provide a tailored implementation to show the customization capability of OBOE. Additionally, we performed (a) a validation of the implemented framework to evaluate the performance using different corpora and (b) a user-based evaluation of the explanations provided by OBOE. The latter evaluation shows that the explanations generated in natural language express the reason for the classification results in a way that is comprehensible to non-technical users

Composite Cutting with Abrasive Water Jet

Abrasive Water Jet (AWJ) technology has demonstrated to be an interesting manufacturing process for space, aircraft, boat and automotive sectors due to its specific advantages when machining composite materials. However, AWJ cutting of composite laminates possesses several challenges. It is necessary to develop a methodology to adapt the process parameters for each type of FRP & CFRP material which will allow AWJ trimming operations to be easily carried out on composite materials, since machine manufacturers still do not provide good databases for composite cutting. The presented work aims at studying the behaviour of a machinability model in composite materials. The machinability index for various composite materials with different thicknesses was found experimentally, which showed very different results for different materials. A study of the effect of the abrasive waterjet process parameters on the quality of cut (taper and surface roughness) was carried out

A High Resolution DiagnosticWind Model. Application to Downscaling Mesoscale Model Results for Wind Forecasting

[EN]A mass consistent wind model is improved by introducing three items: the new 3-D mesh generator MECCANO applied to complex terrains, the current atmospheric stability definition by Zilitinkevich including new wind profiles, and a specific preconditioner for the linear systems arising in a wind model.Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad del Gobierno de España; Fondos FEDE

Inequidades en salud de la primera infancia en el municipio de Andes, Antioquia, Colombia: un análisis desde la epidemiología crítica

En Colombia persisten inequidades en la salud de la primera infancia. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo para estimar las desigualdades en salud de la primera infancia del municipio de Andes, Antioquia. Las categorías teóricas utilizadas fueron la clase social y los modos de vida. Se hizo valoración clínica del crecimiento, del desarrollo y del estado de la dentición de 642 niños de cero a cinco años. Se encuestó a los adultos acompañantes para clasificar su posición de clase. El muestreo fue probabilístico en la zona urbana y por concentración en la rural. La población se clasificó en cinco fracciones de clase. Se observaron desigualdades en los modos de vida, en el desarrollo infantil y en la experiencia de caries dental; más graves en los niños de las familias subasalariadas. Las disparidades constituyen inequidades sociales, puesto que son producto de las condiciones de vida que les son impuestas a los grupos humanos de acuerdo con su posición social

An integrated hypothesis on the domestication of Bactris gasipaes

Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.Peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) has had a central place in the livelihoods of people in the Americas since pre-Columbian times, notably for its edible fruits and multi-purpose wood. The botanical taxon includes both domesticated and wild varieties. Domesticated var gasipaes is believed to derive from one or more of the three wild types of var. chichagui identified today, although the exact dynamics and location of the domestication are still uncertain. Drawing on a combination of molecular and phenotypic diversity data, modeling of past climate suitability and existing literature, we present an integrated hypothesis about peach palm’s domestication. We support a single initial domestication event in south western Amazonia, giving rise to var. chichagui type 3, the putative incipient domesticate. We argue that subsequent dispersal by humans across western Amazonia, and possibly into Central America allowed for secondary domestication events through hybridization with resident wild populations, and differential human selection pressures, resulting in the diversity of present-day landraces. The high phenotypic diversity in the Ecuadorian and northern Peruvian Amazon suggest that human selection of different traits was particularly intense there. While acknowledging the need for further data collection, we believe that our results contribute new insights and tools to understand domestication and dispersal patterns of this important native staple, as well as to plan for its conservatio

Desarrollo endógeno comunitario producto de actividades de inversión en ciencia, tecnología e innovación

In Venezuela, the private business sector contributes or invests financial resources required by the Organic Law of Science Technology and Innovation (LOCTI), in order to assist in the development of projects organized by the Ministry of Science and Technology in order to ensure growth sustained by society through the endogenous or sustainable development of the communities, therefore, the objective of the study was to describe the endogenous community development product of the investment in science, technology and innovation activities applied by hardware companies of the Maracaibo municipality. It was cataloged as descriptive, field and documentary, based on Mas (2007), Ochoa (2006) and LOCTI (2005, 2010, 2014). It was found that the business sector originates gross revenues according to the highest rating supported by the regulations, where the decision to contribute or invest in the financing of projects is based on the guidelines stipulated in the law. In addition, the companies observed have decided to boost the learning of their human capital and the families of them and therefore the communities where they operate. It was concluded that there is interest in collaborating with the State to work mutually in the promotion of broad social projects that contribute to the endogenous community development.En Venezuela, el sector empresarial privado aporta o invierte recursos financieros exigidos por la Ley Orgánica de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación (LOCTI), a efectos de coadyuvar en el desarrollo de proyectos organizados por el Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología con el propósito de asegurar el crecimiento sostenido de la sociedad mediante el desarrollo endógeno o sostenible de las comunidades, por esto, el objetivo del estudio fue describir el desarrollo endógeno comunitario producto de la inversión en actividades de ciencia, tecnología e innovación aplicadas  por empresas ferreteras del municipio Maracaibo. Se catalogó como descriptivo, de campo y documental, fundamentado en Mas (2007), Ochoa (2006) y en la LOCTI (2005, 2010, 2014). Se encontró que el sector empresarial origina ingresos brutos acordes a la máxima calificación sustentada en  la normativa, donde la decisión de aportar o invertir en la financiación de proyectos va en función de los lineamientos estipulados en la ley.  Además, las empresas observadas han decidido dinamizar el aprendizaje de su capital humano y los familiares de los mismos y por ende las comunidades donde operan.  Se concluyó que existe interés en colaborar con el Estado para trabajar mutuamente en el impulso de proyectos sociales amplios que aporten al desarrollo endógeno comunitario

Desarrollo endógeno comunitario producto de actividades de inversión en ciencia, tecnología e innovación

El objetivo del artículo fue estimar la productividad de los factores, el producto potencial y la brecha del producto en el Perú, combinando el enfoque de Solow, una función Cobb-Douglas y el filtro Hodrick-Prescott. El estudio es explicativo. La elasticidad del producto fue usada para recoger las participaciones factoriales en el ingreso y para la contabilidad del crecimiento. Los resultados sugieren que la Cobb-Douglas es pertinente para representar el producto en Perú, la elasticidad productocapital es cercana a los valores disponibles en otros períodos, y las estimaciones del PIB potencial y de la brecha son virtualmente idénticas en ambas metodologías.The purpose of the study was to describe the endogenous community development, product of the investment in science, technology and applied innovation activities for hardware companies in Venezuela, particularly in Zulia State, municipality of Maracaibo. This was classified as an analytical, field and documentary study. It was found that the business sector originates income according to the highest rating, where the decision to invest in projects is based on the law. In addition, the companies observed have decided to boost the learning of their human capital,families and the communities where they operate. It was concluded that there is interest in collaborating with the State to work on projects that contribute to community developme

Clinical performance and head-to-head comparison of CSF p-tau235 with p-tau181, p-tau217 and p-tau231 in two memory clinic cohorts

Background: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) p-tau235 is a novel biomarker highly specific of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, CSF p-tau235 has only been studied in well-characterized research cohorts, which do not fully reflect the patient landscape found in clinical settings. Therefore, in this multicentre study, we investigated the performance of CSF p-tau235 to detect symptomatic AD in clinical settings and compared it with CSF p-tau181, p-tau217 and p-tau231. / Methods: CSF p-tau235 was measured using an in-house single molecule array (Simoa) assay in two independent memory clinic cohorts: Paris cohort (Lariboisière Fernand-Widal University Hospital Paris, France; n=212) and BIODEGMAR cohort (Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; n=175). Patients were classified by the syndromic diagnosis (cognitively unimpaired [CU], mild cognitive impairment [MCI] or dementia) and their biological diagnosis (amyloid-beta [Aβ]+ or Aβ -). Both cohorts included detailed cognitive assessments and CSF biomarker measurements (clinically validated core AD biomarkers [Lumipulse CSF Aβ1–42/40 ratio, p-tau181 and t-tau] and in-house developed Simoa CSF p-tau181, p-tau217 and p-tau231). / Results: High CSF p-tau235 levels were strongly associated with CSF amyloidosis regardless of the clinical diagnosis, being significantly increased in MCI Aβ+ and dementia Aβ+ when compared with all other Aβ− groups (Paris cohort: P ˂0.0001 for all; BIODEGMAR cohort: P ˂0.05 for all). CSF p-tau235 was pronouncedly increased in the A+T+ profile group compared with A−T− and A+T− groups (P ˂0.0001 for all). Moreover, CSF p-tau235 demonstrated high diagnostic accuracies identifying CSF amyloidosis in symptomatic cases (AUCs=0.86 to 0.96) and discriminating AT groups (AUCs=0.79 to 0.98). Overall, CSF p-tau235 showed similar performances to CSF p-tau181 and CSF p-tau231 when discriminating CSF amyloidosis in various scenarios, but lower than CSF p-tau217. Finally, CSF p-tau235 associated with global cognition and memory domain in both cohorts. / Conclusions: CSF p-tau235 was increased with the presence of CSF amyloidosis in two independent memory clinic cohorts. CSF p-tau235 accurately identified AD in both MCI and dementia patients. Overall, the diagnostic performance of CSF p-tau235 was comparable to that of other CSF p-tau measurements, indicating its suitability to support a biomarker-based AD diagnosis in clinical settings

INP1 involvement in pollen aperture formation is evolutionarily conserved and may require species-specific partners

Pollen wall exine is usually deposited non-uniformly on the pollen surface, with areas of low exine deposition corresponding to pollen apertures. Little is known about how apertures form, with the novel Arabidopsis INP1 (INAPERTURATE POLLEN1) protein currently being the only identified aperture factor. In developing pollen, INP1 localizes to three plasma membrane domains and underlies formation of three apertures. Although INP1 homologs are found across angiosperms, they lack strong sequence conservation. Thus, it has been unclear whether they also act as aperture factors and whether their sequence divergence contributes to interspecies differences in aperture patterns. To explore the functional conservation of INP1 homologs, we used mutant analysis in maize and tested whether homologs from several other species could function in Arabidopsis. Our data suggest that the INP1 involvement in aperture formation is evolutionarily conserved, despite the significant divergence of INP1 sequences and aperture patterns, but that additional species-specific factors are likely to be required to guide INP1 and to provide information for aperture patterning. To determine the regions in INP1 necessary for its localization and function, we used fragment fusions, domain swaps, and interspecific protein chimeras. We demonstrate that the central portion of the protein is particularly important for mediating the species-specific functionality.Funding was provided to AAD by the US National Science Foundation (MCB-1517511) and to VNSS by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (CGL2015-70290-P). PL was supported by the China Scholarship Council. SB-MS was supported by the University of Granada, Spain (grant Cei BioTic). We thank the Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center (OSU) and the Maize Genetics Cooperation Stock Center (USDA/ ARS) for seed stocks, Priscila Rodriguez Garcia (OSU) for help with characterizing Arabidopsis–tomato INP1 chimeras, and Jay Hollick (OSU) for advice on all things maize