275 research outputs found
Demography-based adaptive network model reproduces the spatial organization of human linguistic groups
The distribution of human linguistic groups presents a number of interesting
and non-trivial patterns. The distributions of the number of speakers per
language and the area each group covers follow log-normal distributions, while
population and area fulfill an allometric relationship. The topology of
networks of spatial contacts between different linguistic groups has been
recently characterized, showing atypical properties of the degree distribution
and clustering, among others. Human demography, spatial conflicts, and the
construction of networks of contacts between linguistic groups are mutually
dependent processes. Here we introduce an adaptive network model that takes all
of them into account and successfully reproduces, using only four model
parameters, not only those features of linguistic groups already described in
the literature, but also correlations between demographic and topological
properties uncovered in this work. Besides their relevance when modeling and
understanding processes related to human biogeography, our adaptive network
model admits a number of generalizations that broaden its scope and make it
suitable to represent interactions between agents based on population dynamics
and competition for space
Phase behavior of parallel hard cylinders
We test the performance of a recently proposed fundamental measure density
functional of aligned hard cylinders by calculating the phase diagram of a
monodisperse fluid of these particles. We consider all possible liquid
crystalline symmetries, namely nematic, smectic and columnar, as well as the
crystalline phase. For this purpose we introduce a Gaussian parameterization of
the density profile and use it to minimize numerically the functional. We also
determine, from the analytic expression for the structure factor of the uniform
fluid, the bifurcation points from the nematic to the smectic and columnar
phases. The equation of state, as obtained from functional minimization, is
compared to the available Monte Carlo simulation. The agreement is is very
good, nearly perfect in the description of the inhomogeneous phases. The
columnar phase is found to be metastable with respect to the smectic or crystal
phases, its free energy though being very close to that of the stable phases.
This result justifies the observation of a window of stability of the columnar
phase in some simulations, which disappears as the size of the system
increases. The only important deviation between theory and simulations shows up
in the location of the nematic-smectic transition. This is the common drawback
of any fundamental measure functional of describing the uniform phase just with
the accuracy of scaled particle theory.Comment: 17 pages, 5 figure
Integrability of Stochastic Birth-Death processes via Differential Galois Theory
Stochastic birth-death processes are described as continuous-time Markov
processes in models of population dynamics. A system of infinite, coupled
ordinary differential equations (the so-called master equation) describes the
time-dependence of the probability of each system state. Using a generating
function, the master equation can be transformed into a partial differential
equation. In this contribution we analyze the integrability of two types of
stochastic birth-death processes (with polynomial birth and death rates) using
standard differential Galois theory. We discuss the integrability of the PDE
via a Laplace transform acting over the temporal variable. We show that the PDE
is not integrable except for the (trivial) case in which rates are linear
functions of the number of individuals
Competitive dominance in plant communities: Modeling approaches and theoretical predictions
Quantitative predictions about the processes that promote species coexistence
are a subject of active research in ecology. In particular, competitive
interactions are known to shape and maintain ecological communities, and
situations where some species out-compete or dominate over some others are key
to describe natural ecosystems. Here we develop ecological theory using a
stochastic, synthetic framework for plant community assembly that leads to
predictions amenable to empirical testing. We propose two stochastic
continuous-time Markov models that incorporate competitive dominance through a
hierarchy of species heights. The first model, which is spatially implicit,
predicts both the expected number of species that survive and the conditions
under which heights are clustered in realized model communities. The second one
allows spatially-explicit interactions of individuals and alternative
mechanisms that can help shorter plants overcome height-driven competition, and
it demonstrates that clustering patterns remain not only locally but also
across increasing spatial scales. Moreover, although plants are actually
height-clustered in the spatially-explicit model, it allows for plant species
abundances not necessarily skewed to taller plants
The struggle for space: Viral extinction through competition for cells
The design of protocols to suppress the propagation of viral infections is an
enduring enterprise, especially hindered by limited knowledge of the mechanisms
through which extinction of infection propagation comes about. We here report
on a mechanism causing extinction of a propagating infection due to
intraspecific competition to infect susceptible hosts. Beneficial mutations
allow the pathogen to increase the production of progeny, while the host cell
is allowed to develop defenses against infection. When the number of
susceptible cells is unlimited, a feedback runaway co-evolution between host
resistance and progeny production occurs. However, physical space limits the
advantage that the virus can obtain from increasing offspring numbers, thus
infection clearance may result from an increase in host defenses beyond a
finite threshold. Our results might be relevant to better understand
propagation of viral infections in tissues with mobility constraints, and the
implications that environments with different geometrical properties might have
in devising control strategies.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures Accepted for publication in Physical Review
Letter
Vitellogenin Dynamics and Reproductive Morphology at Sexual Maturity of Philippine Mallard (Anas Platyrhynchos Domesticus L) Fed with Zinc Supplemented Diet
The vitellogenin (Vtg) is a precursor for the synthesis of egg yolk protein. Feeding with zinc-supplemented diet is hypothesized to increase the circulating Vtg thereby enhancing reproductive development. A total of 80 ducks,aged 16 weeks old, were randomly assigned to treatment groups; namely: group A with 40 ducks fed with 30 ppm zinc-supplemented diet (zinc positive) and group B with 40 ducks fed with no added zinc (zinc negative). Thecirculating Vtg at sexual maturity (155.11±10.83 days old) were determined from the blood sera. The sera were assayed for Vtg in duplicate using 96–well microplate and read the optical density at 415nm. The zinc concentrationof the samples was calculated using the nonlinear regression =OD = a x [Zn2+] / (b + [Zn2+]. Results show that the circulating Vtg in the blood sera of ducks at sexual maturity were 0.69±0.07 Gg Zn dL-1. The feeding of zinc-treateddiet had no significant influenced on the concentration of circulating Vtg. There was also insignificant difference in the reproductive morphology of ducks fed with or without added zinc. The Vtg concentration had no correlation withreproductive parameters but found to be positively correlated with liver weight (H=0.21) and negatively correlated with body weight (H = -0.24)
Dogs accompanied humans during the Neolithic expansion into Europe
International audienceNear Eastern Neolithic farmers introduced several species of domestic plants and animals as they dispersed into Europe. Dogs were the only domestic species present in both Europe and the Near East prior to the Neolithic. Here, we assessed whether early Near Eastern dogs possessed a unique mitochondrial lineage that differentiated them from Mesolithic European populations. We then analysed mitochondrial DNA sequences from 99 ancient European and Near Eastern dogs spanning the Upper Palaeolithic to the Bronze Age to assess if incoming farmers brought Near Eastern dogs with them, or instead primarily adopted indigenous European dogs after they arrived. Our results show that European pre-Neolithic dogs all possessed the mitochondrial haplogroup C, and that the Neolithic and Post-Neolithic dogs associated with farmers from Southeastern Europe mainly possessed haplogroup D. Thus, the appearance of haplogroup D most probably resulted from the dissemination of dogs from the Near East into Europe. In Western and Northern Europe, the turnover is incomplete and haplogroup C persists well into the Chalcolithic at least. These results suggest that dogs were an integral component of the Neolithic farming package and a mitochondrial lineage associated with the Near East was introduced into Europe alongside pigs, cows, sheep and goats. It got diluted into the native dog population when reaching the Western and Northern margins of Europe
Differential effect of MMSET mRNA levels on survival to first-line FOLFOX and second-line docetaxel in gastric cancer
Breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) expression differentially affects outcome to platinum- and taxane-based chemotherapy. Mediator of DNA damage checkpoint protein 1 (MDC1), p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1), multiple myeloma SET domain (MMSET) and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 9 (UBC9) are involved in DNA repair and could modify the BRCA1 predictive model. Mediator of DNA damage checkpoint protein 1, 53BP1, MMSET and UBC9 mRNA were assessed in gastric tumours from patients in whom BRCA1 levels had previously been determined. In vitro chemosensitivity assay, MMSET levels were higher in docetaxel-sensitive samples. In a separate cohort, survival was longer in those with low MMSET (12.3 vs 8.8 months; P =0.04) or UBC9 (12.4 vs 8.8 months; P =0.01) in patients receiving only folinic acid, fluorouracil (5-FU) and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX). Conversely, among patients receiving second-line docetaxel, longer survival was associated with high MMSET (19.1 vs 13.9 months; P =0.003). Patients with high MMSET and BRCA1 attained a median survival of 36.6 months, compared with 13.9 months for those with high BRCA1 and low MMSET (P =0.003). In the multivariate analyses, low MMSET (hazard ratio (HR), 0.59; P =0.04) and low UBC9 (HR, 0.52; P =0.01) levels were markers of longer survival to first-line FOLFOX, whereas palliative surgery (HR, 2.47; P =0.005), low BRCA1 (HR, 3.17; P =0.001) and low MMSET (HR, 2.52; P =0.004) levels were markers of shorter survival to second-line docetaxel. Breast cancer susceptibility gene 1, MMSET and UBC9 can be useful for customising chemotherapy in gastric cancer patients
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