Modification Method of Powdered Aspergillus niger in Biosorption of C. I. Direct Blue 199

分别采用甲酸+甲醛浸泡、甲醇+盐酸浸泡、丙酮浸泡、氢氧化钠浸泡、盐酸浸泡等改性方法对黑曲霉菌粉表面功能基团进行强化,以直接耐晒翠蓝fbl染料为吸附对象,通过傅里叶红外光谱仪(fT-Ir)考察浸泡处理前后吸附剂表面功能基团的结构及强度变化,探讨功能基团的强化条件。结果表明:采用盐酸+甲醇以及甲酸+甲醛浸泡处理不能提高黑曲霉菌粉的脱色能力;采用氢氧化钠浸泡处理黑曲霉菌粉的脱色能力明显提高,证明在黑曲霉吸附直接耐晒翠蓝过程中,有氨基、羟基、羧基的参与;采用盐酸浸泡处理黑曲霉菌粉表面杂质得到一定的去除,功能基团显现出来,脱色能力明显提高。The several chemical reagents, such as formic acid and formaldehyde, methanol and hydrochloric acid, acetone,sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, were employed to modify the powdered Aspergillus niger, respectively, which was used for biosorption of C.I.Direct Blue 199.The structure and strength changes of functional group at the surface of powdered Aspergillus niger before and after modification were analysed by FT-IR spectrum, and the strengthen condition of the functional group was discussed.The results showed that the decolorization efficency did not changed, when the powdered Aspergillus niger were modified by hydrochloric acid and methanol, formaldehyde and formic acid, respectively.Whereas the decolorization efficency increased significantly by using the powdered Aspergillus niger modified by sodium hydroxide, implying that amino, hydroxyl, carboxyl group in the surface of powdered Aspergillus niger were involved in biosorption of C.I.Direct Blue 199.The increase in decolorization efficency was observed when the powdered Aspergillus niger were modified by hydrochloric acid, suggesting that the functional group at surface of Aspergillus niger exposed increasingly due to the removal of impurity substance at the surface of Aspergillus niger.福建省重大专项研究项目(2005YZ1023); 厦门市科技计划项目(3502Z20083001

黑曲霉菌丝球对直接耐晒翠蓝FBL的脱色特性

探讨黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)菌丝球的生长特性,以及染料种类对其脱色特性的影响.以直接耐晒翠蓝FBL为处理对象,考察染料初始质量浓度、曲霉孢子投加量、pH值、无机盐质量分数、温度、C源和N源对黑曲霉的脱色性能的影响.结果表明,黑曲霉对多种染料有很好的去除效果.对直接耐晒翠蓝FBL的最佳脱色条件是:染料初始质量浓度低于100 mg.L-1、黑曲霉孢子投加量为2.5×104个.mL-1、染料培养基pH值为6、NaCl质量分数低于5%,培养温度在30~40℃之间,并需适量补充C源、N源

黑曲霉死菌与活性炭对直接耐晒翠蓝FBL的吸附性能

采用批式实验,系统考察了黑曲霉死菌和活性炭的粉剂投加量,染料初始浓度,pH和反应时间对酞菁染料FBL脱色效果的影响;并采用扫描电镜图像,分析吸附剂的结构变化。结果表明,对于FBL染料的吸附处理,黑曲霉死菌粉剂与活性炭粉剂适宜的吸附条件为:酸性至弱碱性pH下,投加量为8 g/L;黑曲霉死菌粉剂比活性炭粉剂的吸附速度快、脱色性能高、抗染料浓度负荷冲击能力强。扫描电镜图像分析显示,黑曲霉死菌粉剂所具有的多层纤维结构为吸附染料分子提供较大的比表面

信息反馈对城市居民节水态度行为的影响

本研究旨在探究节水技巧信息反馈和社会情绪对节水态度行为的影响。分为两个研究,无反馈方式下,节水技巧信息框架对节水态度行为的影响和有反馈方式下,节水技巧信息框架和社会情绪对节水态度行为的影响,每个研究包含两种信息框架作为不同反馈方式的实验设计,参与实验的被试共计335人。结论:(1)信息框架对节水态度行为的影响,体现在反馈方式有或无的实验对照中;(2)消极框架下被试节水态度行为的分数略高于积极框架下&nbsp;</p

Kinetic Study on Biosorption of C.I.Direct Blue 199 Using Powdered Aspergillus niger

采用黑曲霉(ASPErgIlluS nIgEr)菌粉为生物吸附剂,以直接耐晒翠蓝199(fbl)染料为吸附对象,系统考察了PH值、反应温度和染料质量浓度对脱色性能的影响,研究了吸附反应动力学特性.结果表明,当PH在3.0~7.0的范围、吸附平衡时间为40MIn时,吸附量达到最大的7.50~8.2Mg/g;当染料质量浓度为400Mg/l、温度从25℃升至45℃时,吸附量从18.34Mg/g增至29.96Mg/g;黑曲霉菌粉对fbl的吸附速率主要取决于化学吸附反应速率,吸附反应过程符合准二级反应动力学模型.The phthalocyanine dye C.I.Direct Blue 199,widely used the textile industry,contains a copper ion in its structure,a could possibly be removed from aqueous solution by inactive niger,which has a high adsorption ability for copper ions.However,no study has so far been focused on the biosorptability of inactive Aspergillus niger for this dye.In this study,nonviable Aspergillus niger powder was used for the biosorption of C.I.Direct Blue 199in a batch system.The major objective was to investigate the influences of pH,temperatures and initial dye concentration on the biosorption capacity,and to study the biosorption kinetics of Aspergillus niger powder.The results showed that the highest biosorption capacity of powdered Aspergillus niger for C.I.Direct Blue 199was 7.50-8.24mg/g at pH 3.0-7.0.The maximum dye uptake capacity of the biosorbent increased from 18.34mg/g to 29.96mg/g at 400mg/L dye concentration by increasing the temperature from 25℃to 45℃.Adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order equation,which suggested that chemisorption significantly contributed to the adsorption process.福建省重大专项研究项目(2005YZ1023); 厦门市科技计划项目(3502Z20083001

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials