Review of nutrient enrichment and global warming effects on seagrasses

海草床具有稳定沉积物、净化水质和碳储存等重要的生态系统服务功能。近几十年来,世界范围内海草床衰退严重。在全球近岸水体富营养化和气温升高的背景下,本文对营养盐富集和全球温度升高对海草的影响进行了分析。硝态氮和铵态氮作为海草重要的营养来源,贫营养环境下,会促进海草的生长。由于硝态氮需要转化为亚硝态氮,再通过一系列新陈代谢过程转化为氨基酸,硝态氮富集会影响海草组织的碳平衡,从而对海草床造成负面影响。较高浓度的铵态氮会对海草产生毒性,引起海草床的衰退。有机氮作为海草可选择吸收的氮源,是对海草氮吸收的有效补充。温度是控制全球海草分布和生长的主要因素,春季一定程度的营养盐富集可以提高海草的生产力,而夏季高温和营养盐富集对海草的生长具有抑制作用。营养盐富集和夏季高温还可以通过促进大型海藻爆发性生长,导致光衰减,从而引起海草床向大型海藻生态系统的逆向演替。本文提出了未来海草主要研究方向,主要包括:长时间序列海草床野外观测;有机氮对海草的影响机制;营养盐富集和全球温度升高对海草的协同影响机制;热带海草呼吸作用对全球温度升高的响应。&nbsp

营养盐富集和全球温度升高对海草的影响

海草床具有稳定沉积物、净化水质和碳储存等重要的生态系统服务功能。近几十年来,世界范围内海草床衰退严重。在全球近岸水体富营养化和气温升高的背景下,本文对营养盐富集和全球温度升高对海草的影响进行了分析。硝态氮和铵态氮作为海草重要的营养来源,贫营养环境下,会促进海草的生长。由于硝态氮需要转化为亚硝态氮,再通过一系列新陈代谢过程转化为氨基酸,硝态氮富集会影响海草组织的碳平衡,从而对海草床造成负面影响。较高浓度的铵态氮会对海草产生毒性,引起海草床的衰退。有机氮作为海草可选择吸收的氮源,是对海草氮吸收的有效补充。温度是控制全球海草分布和生长的主要因素,春季一定程度的营养盐富集可以提高海草的生产力,而夏季高温和营养盐富集对海草的生长具有抑制作用。营养盐富集和夏季高温还可以通过促进大型海藻爆发性生长,导致光衰减,从而引起海草床向大型海藻生态系统的逆向演替。本文提出了未来海草主要研究方向,主要包括:长时间序列海草床野外观测;有机氮对海草的影响机制;营养盐富集和全球温度升高对海草的协同影响机制;热带海草呼吸作用对全球温度升高的响应。&nbsp

啁啾光栅色散及时延特性研究

基于耦合模理论,通过对耦合波方程进行相位共轭变换,将反向耦合波方程变换为Riccati微分方程,利用数值解法对耦合系数和高斯型耦合系统线性啁啾光栅的反射特性、色散特性和时延特性进行了详细分析，为设计具有理想效果的色散补偿器件提供了有效的理论方法

以亲水化改性聚氨酯为多孔载体的生物膜移动床反应器处理污水中试研究

载体是生物膜移动术反应器(MBBR)工艺的关键影响因素,利用亲水化改性聚氨酯载体构建MBBR,用于城市污水的中试研究.反应器日处理能力为3～3.5 t.d-1,水力停留时间为7～8 h,在连续进水(进水COD 140～280 mg.L-1,NH4+-N 30～50 mg.L-1,总氮45～65 mg.L-1,总磷2.5～4.0 mg.L-1)条件下对改性载体的挂膜速度、有机物和氮的去除效果及不同温度下的污水处理特性进行了研究.140 d的试验结果表明在24～28℃时,载体上生物膜在6 d左右即可完成挂膜,并达到稳定的处理效果.COD、NH4+-N、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为70%、97%、70%和39%.随着水温逐渐降低到12℃左右,NH4+-N的去除率依然能达到97%,表明通过添加改性载体可以提高反应器低温条件下的硝化能力

2005～2015年CERN光合有效辐射数据集

光合有效辐射在生态学、农学以及气候学等多个学科中都有重要的应用价值。它是揭示物质与能量交换过程的基本生理变量,是光合潜力、潜在产量的评估研究和作物生长模拟研究、土壤碳的固定模拟研究中不可缺少的关键数据之一。该数据集涵盖了中国8个典型陆地生态类型、中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)下属的40个辐射观测站观测的光合有效辐射日均值,时间跨度为2005～2015年。通过对传感器的集中标定与规范的数据质量控制方案,保障了观测数据的可靠性与可比性。采用光谱仪、辐射标准灯传递辐射基准方案,对光合有效辐射传感器进行集中标定与比对,标定精度小于5%,符合世界气象组织(WMO)标准;采用极值法对观测的光合有效辐射数据进行质量控制

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials

JUNO Sensitivity on Proton Decay p→νˉK+p\to \bar\nu K^+ Searches

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a large liquid scintillator detector designed to explore many topics in fundamental physics. In this paper, the potential on searching for proton decay in $p\to \bar\nu K^+$ mode with JUNO is investigated.The kaon and its decay particles feature a clear three-fold coincidence signature that results in a high efficiency for identification. Moreover, the excellent energy resolution of JUNO permits to suppress the sizable background caused by other delayed signals. Based on these advantages, the detection efficiency for the proton decay via $p\to \bar\nu K^+$ is 36.9% with a background level of 0.2 events after 10 years of data taking. The estimated sensitivity based on 200 kton-years exposure is $9.6 \times 10^{33}$ years, competitive with the current best limits on the proton lifetime in this channel

JUNO sensitivity on proton decay p → ν K + searches*

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a large liquid scintillator detector designed to explore many topics in fundamental physics. In this study, the potential of searching for proton decay in the $p\to \bar{\nu} K^+$ mode with JUNO is investigated. The kaon and its decay particles feature a clear three-fold coincidence signature that results in a high efficiency for identification. Moreover, the excellent energy resolution of JUNO permits suppression of the sizable background caused by other delayed signals. Based on these advantages, the detection efficiency for the proton decay via $p\to \bar{\nu} K^+$ is 36.9% ± 4.9% with a background level of $0.2\pm 0.05({\rm syst})\pm$$0.2({\rm stat})$ events after 10 years of data collection. The estimated sensitivity based on 200 kton-years of exposure is $9.6 \times 10^{33}$ years, which is competitive with the current best limits on the proton lifetime in this channel and complements the use of different detection technologies