Ovine Abortion Associated with Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus ST2 in Turkey

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the microbiological, molecular and pathological findings of abortus cases detected in a sheep herd consist of 200 animals. Macroscopically, irregular necrotic foci were observed in the liver in aborted fetuses. Selective and non-selective media were used for the isolation of causative agent. Phenotypic and molecular tests were performed for identification. Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus (Cff) was isolated from organs of four foetuses aborted. While the vaginal swap samples taken from sheep that did not abort, water, feed and litter samples produced negative results for Cff, 5 of the 20 faecal samples and 5 of the vaginal swaps taken from the sheep that had aborted, yielded Cff. Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) was used for genotyping and all isolates were detected as Sequence Type 2 (ST2). This is the first documented report of an ovine abortion caused by Cff ST2 in Turkey. It is considered that the development and use of vaccines, containing local Campylobacter species, would contribute to both prophylaxis and control of abortions caused by campylobacters including Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus

Front. plant sci.

Grapevine fruit development is a dynamic process that can be divided into three stages: formation (I), lag (II), and ripening (III), in which physiological and biochemical changes occur, leading to cell differentiation and accumulation of different solutes. These stages can be positively or negatively affected by multiple environmental factors. During the last decade, efforts have been made to understand berry development from a global perspective. Special attention has been paid to transcriptional and metabolic networks associated with the control of grape berry development, and how external factors affect the ripening process. In this review, we focus on the integration of global approaches, including proteomics, metabolomics, and especially transcriptomics, to understand grape berry development. Several aspects will be considered, including seed development and the production of seedless fruits; veraison, at which anthocyanin accumulation begins in the berry skin of colored varieties; and hormonal regulation of berry development and signaling throughout ripening, focusing on the transcriptional regulation of hormone receptors, protein kinases, and genes related to secondary messenger sensing. Finally, berry responses to different environmental factors, including abiotic (temperature, water-related stress and UV-B radiation) and biotic (fungi and viruses) stresses, and how they can significantly modify both, development and composition of vine fruit, will be discussed. Until now, advances have been made due to the application of Omics tools at different molecular levels. However, the potential of these technologies should not be limited to the study of single-level questions; instead, data obtained by these platforms should be integrated to unravel the molecular aspects of grapevine development. Therefore, the current challenge is the generation of new tools that integrate large-scale data to assess new questions in this field, and to support agronomical practices