Consciência de marcas em crianças e adultos : questões conceituais e empíricas sobre o comportamento do consumidor

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Psicologia, Departamento de Processos Psicológicos Básicos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Comportamento, 2013.As crianças apresentam amplo repertório de comportamentos de consumo e têm se tornado o maior mercado atual e potencial de consumidores, atraindo o interesse de empresas, profissionais e pesquisadores de diferentes áreas do conhecimento. Dentre esses comportamentos, aqueles relacionados à consciência de marcas são de particular interesse neste estudo, cujos objetivos foram (a) desenvolver uma análise conceitual do termo, (b) organizar um procedimento para seu estudo a partir do Behavioural Perspective Model e (c) realizar uma pesquisa empírica para investigar a consciência de marca de crianças e seus responsáveis. Cinquenta e seis estudantes de oito a 12 anos de idade, de em uma instituição de ensino particular de Brasília-DF, e 28 responsáveis participaram, respondendo questionários voltados para lembrança (LM), reconhecimento (RM) e preferência por marcas, bem como para outros comportamentos de consumo, todos relacionados a quatro categorias de produto (aparelho celular, biscoito doce, suco de fruta pronto e tênis). Os principais resultados indicaram a influência da idade do estudante sobre LM e RM de estudantes para tênis e aparelho celular e sobre RM dos responsáveis para todas as categorias; da frequência de uso ou consumo do estudante sobre LM de estudantes para todas as categorias (exceto tênis); e do sexo sobre a LM de estudantes e responsáveis para tênis. Outros dados acerca do desempenho de marcas e dos participantes e suas relações com nível de reforço informativo, bem como análises descritivas incluindo outros comportamentos de consumo relatados também foram apresentados. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTChildren have a broad repertoire of consumer behaviors and they have become the largest current and potential market, attracting the interest of manufacturers, professionals and researchers in different fields of knowledge. Among these behaviors, those related to brand awareness are of particular interest in this exploratory study whose objectives were to: (a) discuss the importance of a conceptual analysis of the term and present a definition consistent with the science of behavior analysis, (b) present a procedure for studying brand awareness according to the Behavioural Perspective Model and (c) conduct an empirical study to investigate children and their parents´ brand awareness. Fifty-six students from eight to 12 years of age, studying in a private educational institution in Brasília-DF, and 28 adults participated by answering questionnaires focused on brand recall (BRC), recognition (BRG) and preference, as well as on consumption habits, all of them regarding four products (mobile phone, sweet biscuit, fruit juice and tennis shoes). The main results showed the influence of children´s age on chidren´s BRC/BRG for tennis shoes and mobile phones and on adults´ BRC for all products, of the frequency of use or consumption by children on their LM for all products (except tennis shoes), and of sex on children and adults´ BRC for tennis shoes. Other data about the performance of brands and participants and their relationships with the level on informative reinforcement were presented, as well as descriptive analyzes including other consumption behaviors reported by the participants

Follow-up of health-related quality of life and pain in a cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis before and after COVID-19

The foot is one of the anatomical structures of the body most affected in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), associated with the disability of patients, even more during COVID-19. The aim of this study was to analyse whether the period of physical inactivity during COVID-19 is an influential factor on health-related quality of life and foot pain in patients with RA. Methods: 162 patients with foot pain and RA, recruited from the Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada (Spain) were included. Data was collected during two different periods: January - December 2018 in person and June - September 2021 by phone. Patients were asked to complete the Spanish adapted version of the 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12) and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Results: The results from the SF-12 questionnaires were divided between its two subscales (i.e., mental, and physical component). The physical component shows an improvement between 2018 and 2021, from 32.05in 2018–35.18 in 2021 (p < 0.05). The opposite happened with the mental component, showing a dete- rioration, from 39.69 in 2018–34.48 in 2021 (p < 0.05). Regarding pain, VAS shows higher levels of pain with statistically significant differences, both in general pain (from 6 in 2018–7 in 2012) and in foot pain (from 5 to 7), (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Mental quality of life and pain, both general and foot pain, are influenced by the period of physical inactivity during COVID-19.Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málaga / CBU

READ-COGvid: A Database From Reading and Media Habits During COVID-19 Confinement in Spain and Italy

In the present paper, we present the READ-COGvid database, composed of responses of 4,800 individuals from Spain and Italy. While we focus on leisure and reading habits at different moments (before the confinement, shortly after confinement, and after 1 month confined), we also collected many other indices (socio-demographic, psychological, and reading-related) that may be of interest to researchers interested in adults' reading and related areas (e.g., communication research, cognitive sciences, social studies, health sciences, cross-cultural studies).Psicologí

Longitudinal change in proteinuria and kidney outcomes in C3 glomerulopathy

11 p.-4 fig.-4 tab.Introduction: The association between a change in proteinuria over time and its impact in kidney prognosis has not been analyzed in C3 glomerulopathy. This study aims to investigate the association between the longitudinal change in proteinuria and the risk of kidney failure.Methods: Retrospective, multicenter observational cohort study in 35 nephrology departments belonging to the Spanish Group for the Study of Glomerular Diseases (GLOSEN). Patients diagnosed with C3 glomerulopathy between 1995 and 2020 were enrolled. A joint modeling of linear mixed-effects models was applied to assess the underlying trajectory of a repeatedly measured proteinuria, and a Cox model to evaluate the association of this trajectory with the risk of kidney failure.Results: The study group consisted of 85 patients, 70 C3 glomerulonephritis and 15 dense deposit disease, with a median age of 26 years (range 13-41). During a median follow-up of 42 months, 25 patients reached kidney failure. The longitudinal change in proteinuria showed a strong association with the risk of this outcome, with a doubling of proteinuria levels resulting in a 2.5-fold increase of the risk. A second model showed that a ≥ 50% proteinuria reduction over time was significantly associated with a lower risk of kidney failure (HR: 0.79; 95% CI : 0.56-0.97; p < 0.001). This association was also found when the ≥50% proteinuria reduction was observed within the first 6 and 12 months of follow-up.Conclusion: The longitudinal change in proteinuria is strongly associated with the risk of kidney failure. The change in proteinuria over time can provide clinicians a dynamic prediction of kidney outcomes.This study was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III/Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (ISCIII/FEDER) grant PI16/01685 and PI19/1624, and Red de Investigación Renal (RedInRen) (RD12/0021/0029) (to M.P.), the Autonomous Region of Madrid (S2017/BMD-3673) (to M.P.); E.G.d.J. was supported by the Spanish ‘Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades’ (RYC-2013-13395 and RTI2018-095955-B-100); S.R.d.C. was supported by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad/FEDER grant SAF2015-66287R and Autonomous Region of Madrid grant S2017/BMD3673.Peer reviewe

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Development and validation of a nomogram to predict kidney survival at baseline in patients with C3 glomerulopathy

10 p.-4 fig.-2 tab. 1 graph. abst.Background: C3 glomerulopathy is a rare and heterogeneous complement-driven disease. It is often challenging to accurately predict in clinical practice the individual kidney prognosis at baseline. We herein sought to develop and validate a prognostic nomogram to predict long-term kidney survival.Methods: We conducted a retrospective, multicenter observational cohort study in 35 nephrology departments belonging to the Spanish Group for the Study of Glomerular Diseases. The dataset was randomly divided into a training group (n = 87) and a validation group (n = 28). The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was used to screen the main predictors of kidney outcome and to build the nomogram. The accuracy of the nomogram was assessed by discrimination and risk calibration in the training and validation sets.Results: The study group comprised 115 patients, of whom 46 (40%) reached kidney failure in a median follow-up of 49 months (range 24–112). No significant differences were observed in baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), proteinuria or total chronicity score of kidney biopsies, between patients in the training versus those in the validation set. The selected variables by LASSO were eGFR, proteinuria and total chronicity score. Based on a Cox model, a nomogram was developed for the prediction of kidney survival at 1, 2, 5 and 10 years from diagnosis. The C-index of the nomogram was 0.860 (95% confidence interval 0.834–0.887) and calibration plots showed optimal agreement between predicted and observed outcomes.Conclusions: We constructed and validated a practical nomogram with good discrimination and calibration to predict the risk of kidney failure in C3 glomerulopathy patients at 1, 2, 5 and 10 years.Work on this study was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III / Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (ISCIII/FEDER; grants PI16/01685 and PI19/1624) and Red de Investigación Renal (RD12/0021/0029; to M.P.) and the Autonomous Region of Madrid (S2017/BMD-3673; to M.P.). S.R.d.C. is supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (grant PID2019-104912RB-I00) and the Autonomous Region of Madrid (grant S2017/BMD-3673).Peer reviewe

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.

BACKGROUND: A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. METHODS: This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. FINDINGS: Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0-75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4-97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8-80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3-4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. INTERPRETATION: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lemann Foundation, Rede D'Or, Brava and Telles Foundation, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

Background A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. Methods This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. Findings Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0–75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4–97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8–80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3–4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. Interpretation ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials

Children's stories as a context for positive reinforcement of vocal verbal behavior of preschool children

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Psicologia, 2006.Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar se a história infantil "Branca de Neve e os Sete Anões" apresentada em mídia filme poderia ser um contexto para o reforçamento positivo do comportamento verbal vocal de crianças. Quatro meninos e quatro meninas, com idade entre 5 anos e 5 anos e 7 meses, foram distribuídos de acordo com duas condições. As crianças da Condição Controle participaram apenas de sessões de linha de base inicial e final, nas quais assistiram à primeira e à segunda parte do filme, respectivamente, sendo, em seguida, solicitadas a recontá-las individualmente. As crianças da Condição Experimental participaram dessas sessões de linha de base inicial e final, e também participaram de seis sessões individuais de treino, divididas em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa, a criança revia uma das seis cenas curtas selecionadas do filme e depois a discutia com a experimentadora. Na segunda etapa, a criança e a experimentadora descreviam e analisavam um dos seis desenhos impressos, elaborados a partir do tema central da cena à qual correspondia. Ao final da coleta de dados, as crianças da Condição Controle participaram de três sessões de treino, cujos dados também foram analisados. Todas as sessões foram gravadas em vídeo e transcritas, o que permitiu o registro da ocorrência de cada uma das treze estratégias comportamentais da experimentadora e das catorze categorias comportamentais das crianças, de acordo com as definições adotadas neste estudo. Não foram encontradas diferenças sistemáticas entre os desempenhos de meninos e meninas. Comparando-se as sessões de linha de base e de treino, observou-se claros aumentos da variedade e do total absoluto de ocorrências das estratégias comportamentais, acompanhados por aumentos similares das categorias comportamentais, que foram mais claros para as crianças da Condição Experimental. As estratégias comportamentais que envolviam perguntas, comentários, encorajamentos, apresentação de soluções alternativas e aprovação social foram as mais utilizadas pela experimentadora, enquanto que as categorias comportamentais que envolviam analisar, fantasiar, fazer pedidos ou perguntas e responder de forma simplificada foram as mais emitidas pelas crianças de ambas as condições, nas sessões de treino. Estes resultados indicam aspectos da interação experimentadora-criança que podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento do repertório verbal vocal. ___________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThe objective of the present research was to investigate whether Snow white’s story presented in vídeo would be a context for positive reinforcement of children’s vocal verbal behavior. Four boys and four girls with ages ranging from 5 years old to 5 years old and 7 months were assigned to two conditions. Children from the Control Condition only participated in initial and final baseline sessions, in which they saw the first and second parts of the video, respectively, and then were asked to retell individually what they remembered. Children from the experimental condition participated in those initial and final baseline sessions and also in six individual training sessions, divided in two stages. In the first stage, the child saw one of six short scenes selected from the video, then discussed in with the experimenter. In the second stage, the child and the experimenter described and analyzed one of six drawings which werw based on the main theme of one corresponding scene from the video. After all data were collected, children from the control condition participated of three individual training sessions, also analyzed here. All sessions were videotaped and transcribed, allowing occurrences for each of 13 experimenter’s behavioral strategies and for 14 children’s behavioral categories to be recorded. No systematic differences were found between boys and girls’ perfomances. Comparing baseline and training sessions, increases were observed in the variety and in the absolute number of behavioral categories that occurred for the children. Behavioral strategies involving questioning, commenting, encouraging, presenting alternative solutions and presenting social approval were the most used by the experimenter, while behavioral categories involving analyzing, fantasying, making requests or questions and answering briefly were the most emitted by children of both conditions. Results indicate aspects of experimenter-child interactions that can contribute to the development of a child’s vocal verbal repertoire