DNA Renaturation at the Water-Phenol Interface

We study DNA adsorption and renaturation in a water-phenol two-phase system, with or without shaking. In very dilute solutions, single-stranded DNA is adsorbed at the interface in a salt-dependent manner. At high salt concentrations the adsorption is irreversible. The adsorption of the single-stranded DNA is specific to phenol and relies on stacking and hydrogen bonding. We establish the interfacial nature of a DNA renaturation at a high salt concentration. In the absence of shaking, this reaction involves an efficient surface diffusion of the single-stranded DNA chains. In the presence of a vigorous shaking, the bimolecular rate of the reaction exceeds the Smoluchowski limit for a three-dimensional diffusion-controlled reaction. DNA renaturation in these conditions is known as the Phenol Emulsion Reassociation Technique or PERT. Our results establish the interfacial nature of PERT. A comparison of this interfacial reaction with other approaches shows that PERT is the most efficient technique and reveals similarities between PERT and the renaturation performed by single-stranded nucleic acid binding proteins. Our results lead to a better understanding of the partitioning of nucleic acids in two-phase systems, and should help design improved extraction procedures for damaged nucleic acids. We present arguments in favor of a role of phenol and water-phenol interface in prebiotic chemistry. The most efficient renaturation reactions (in the presence of condensing agents or with PERT) occur in heterogeneous systems. This reveals the limitations of homogeneous approaches to the biochemistry of nucleic acids. We propose a heterogeneous approach to overcome the limitations of the homogeneous viewpoint

EVALUASI PENJADWALAN DAN BIAYA PELAKSANAAN PROYEK REHABILITASI GEDUNG MENGGUNAKAN METODE PERT (Studi Kasus Pada Proyek Rehabilitasi Gedung Kejaksaan Tinggi Kalimantan Tengah)

Arranging project scheduling is an important aspect in construction projects, because scheduling covers all the activities involved in implementing a construction project. The contractor scheduling plan carrying out the rehabilitation of the Central Kalimantan High Prosecutor's Office uses the bar chart method and the "S" curve, so that activities that cannot be postponed or are critical cannot be known. To overcome this, a different method is needed from the choice of project evaluation and review method or PERT. This technique uses an approach that assumes that the duration of the activity depends on many factors and variations, so that in estimating three time periods are used, namely optimistic (a), pessimistic (b) and most likely (m). This research aims to determine the chances of success of a project being completed and the amount of costs required based on the PERT method analysis. The project can be completed with a success rate of 99% within a period of 418 days at a cost of IDR 39,278,989,855 based on the results of analysis using the PERT technique which causes a cost difference between existing costs of IDR 238,964,250. The use of PERT in project planning can achieve the specified deadline with successful effective implementation, thereby reducing the increase in costs due to delays in the future

An assessment of PERT as a technique for schedule planning and control

The PERT technique including the types of reports which can be computer generated using the NASA/LaRC PPARS System is described. An assessment is made of the effectiveness of PERT on various types of efforts as well as for specific purposes, namely, schedule planning, schedule analysis, schedule control, monitoring contractor schedule performance, and management reporting. This assessment is based primarily on the author's knowledge of the usage of PERT by NASA/LaRC personnel since the early 1960's. Both strengths and weaknesses of the technique for various applications are discussed. It is intended to serve as a reference guide for personnel performing project planning and control functions and technical personnel whose responsibilities either include schedule planning and control or require a general knowledge of the subject

A simplified PERT system

Modified PERT technique processes the input data and arranges it in familiar graphic form in a booklet which is issued at periodic intervals. The tabulated data provides readily available information to management personnel concerned with monitoring the progress of a program

Studi Kasus Penerapan Metode Pert Pada Proyek Gudang X

Pembangunan yang sedang marak terjadi pada saat ini ialah pembangunan gudang khususnya di Surabaya. Gudang merupakan penanda pertumbuhan ekonomi suatu daerah. Untuk dapat melakukan pembangunan secara profesional, para kontraktor harus dapat membuat perencanaan kerja yang matang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisa penjadwalan proyek gudang dengan menerapkan metode PERT.Metode PERT (Project Evaluation Review Technique) merupakan metode yang bertujuan untuk memprediksi durasi dari suatu proyek dan menghitung kemungkinan terjadinya waktu yang diharapkan. Untuk mendapatkan hasil te (time expected) dari metode PERT, dibutuhkan data ta (waktu optimis) ,tb (waktu pesimis) , dan tm (waktu yang paling mungkin terjadi).Pengamatan lapangan dilakukan untuk mendapatkan Time Schedule, jumlah pekerja lapangan , Gambar Teknik proyek Gudang, dan ta tb untuk metode PERT. Dari pengolahan data didapatkan tm yang digunakan penghitungan durasi metode PERT. Dengan durasi perhitungan metode PERT, didapatkan durasi pembangunan gudang versi metode PERT.Dari Time Schedule kontraktor didapatkan durasi pembangunan gudang selama 28 minggu. Dari perhitungan metode PERT didapatkan durasi selama 32 minggu. Dari pengamatan lapangan hingga 1 Juni 2013 diketahui bahwa durasi lapangan lebih mendekati pada durasi perhitungan metode PERT daripada durasi Time Schedule

Vis-A-Plan /visualize a plan/ management technique provides performance-time scale

Vis-A-Plan is a bar-charting technique for representing and evaluating project activities on a performance-time basis. This rectilinear method presents the logic diagram of a project as a series of horizontal time bars. It may be used supplementary to PERT or independently

Effects of technicolor on standard model running couplings

We discuss the running couplings in the standard model, SU(3$)_C \times$SU(2$)_L \times$U(1$)_Y$, when the Higgs sector is replaced by SU($N_{TC})$ technicolor. Particular attention is given to the running of the couplings at momentum scales where technicolor is nonperturbative, and in this region we apply a relativistic constituent technifermion model. This model has been tested against the known running of the QED coupling due to nonperturbative QCD. An understanding of this low momentum running allows the calculation of the couplings at a higher scale, $\Lambda_{pert}$, where technicolor becomes perturbative. We provide numerical values for the changes in the three standard model couplings between $m_Z$ and $\Lambda_{pert}$ due to technicolor, assuming separately ``one doublet'' and ``one family'' technicolor models. The distinction between a running and walking technicolor coupling is also considered.Comment: 14 pages of LaTeX, UTPT-94-

Pancreas exocrine replacement therapy is associated with increased survival following pancreatoduodenectomy for periampullary malignancy

Background: Although many patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) for cancer have pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) is not routinely used, and effects upon post-operative survival are unclear.Methods: This review of patients undergoing PD for periampullary malignancy sought to test for an association between PERT and overall survival, with post-hoc subgroup analysis performed after stratifying patients by the year of surgery, pancreatic duct width and tumour type.Results: Some 202/469 (43.1%) patients received PERT. After accounting for pathological variables and chemotherapy, PERT use was found to be independently associated with improved survival on multivariable analysis [HR 0.72 (95% CI: 0.52-0.99), p = 0.044] and on propensity matched analysis (p = 0.009). The effect of PERT upon improved survival was predominantly observed amongst patients with a dilated pancreatic duct (>= 3 mm).Discussion: PERT use was independently associated with improved survival following PD for cancer. The validity of this observation is supported by an effect largely confined to those patients with a dilated pancreatic duct. The nutritional status of patients undergoing PD for cancer needs further investigation and the effects of PERT require verification in further clinical studies

Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy in patients with pancreatic cancer: A national prospective study

Objective: UK national guidelines recommend pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) in pancreatic cancer. Over 80% of pancreatic cancers are unresectable and managed in non-surgical units. The aim was to assess variation in PERT prescribing, determine factors associated with its use and identify potential actions to improve prescription rates. Design: RICOCHET was a national prospective audit of malignant pancreatic, peri-ampullary lesions or malignant biliary obstruction between April and August 2018. This analysis focuses on pancreatic cancer patients and is reported to STROBE guidelines. Multivariable regression analysis was undertaken to assess factors associated with PERT prescribing. Results: Rates of PERT prescribing varied among the 1350 patients included. 74.4% of patients with potentially resectable disease were prescribed PERT compared to 45.3% with unresectable disease. PERT prescription varied across surgical hospitals but high prescribing rates did not disseminate out to the respective referring network. PERT prescription appeared to be related to the treatment aim for the patient and the amount of clinician contact a patient has. PERT prescription in potentially resectable patients was positively associated with dietitian referral (p = 0.001) and management at hepaticopancreaticobiliary (p = 0.049) or pancreatic unit (p = 0.009). Prescription in unresectable patients also had a negative association with Charlson comorbidity score 5–7 (p = 0.045) or >7 (p = 0.010) and a positive association with clinical nurse specialist review (p = 0.028). Conclusion: Despite national guidance, wide variation and under-treatment with PERT exists. Given that most patients with pancreatic cancer have unresectable disease and are treated in non-surgical hospitals, where prescribing is lowest, strategies to disseminate best practice and overcome barriers to prescribing are urgently required