10,418 research outputs found
A numerical model for multigroup radiation hydrodynamics
We present in this paper a multigroup model for radiation hydrodynamics to
account for variations of the gas opacity as a function of frequency. The
entropy closure model (M1) is applied to multigroup radiation transfer in a
radiation hydrodynamics code. In difference from the previous grey model, we
are able to reproduce the crucial effects of frequency-variable gas opacities,
a situation omnipresent in physics and astrophysics. We also account for the
energy exchange between neighbouring groups which is important in flows with
strong velocity divergence. These terms were computed using a finite volume
method in the frequency domain. The radiative transfer aspect of the method was
first tested separately for global consistency (reversion to grey model) and
against a well established kinetic model through Marshak wave tests with
frequency dependent opacities. Very good agreement between the multigroup M1
and kinetic models was observed in all tests. The successful coupling of the
multigroup radiative transfer to the hydrodynamics was then confirmed through a
second series of tests. Finally, the model was linked to a database of
opacities for a Xe gas in order to simulate realistic multigroup radiative
shocks in Xe. The differences with the previous grey models are discussed.Comment: 27 pages, 11 figures, Accepted for publication in JQSR
Fluctuating volume-current formulation of electromagnetic fluctuations in inhomogeneous media: incandecence and luminescence in arbitrary geometries
We describe a fluctuating volume--current formulation of electromagnetic
fluctuations that extends our recent work on heat exchange and Casimir
interactions between arbitrarily shaped homogeneous bodies [Phys. Rev. B. 88,
054305] to situations involving incandescence and luminescence problems,
including thermal radiation, heat transfer, Casimir forces, spontaneous
emission, fluorescence, and Raman scattering, in inhomogeneous media. Unlike
previous scattering formulations based on field and/or surface unknowns, our
work exploits powerful techniques from the volume--integral equation (VIE)
method, in which electromagnetic scattering is described in terms of
volumetric, current unknowns throughout the bodies. The resulting trace
formulas (boxed equations) involve products of well-studied VIE matrices and
describe power and momentum transfer between objects with spatially varying
material properties and fluctuation characteristics. We demonstrate that thanks
to the low-rank properties of the associatedmatrices, these formulas are
susceptible to fast-trace computations based on iterative methods, making
practical calculations tractable. We apply our techniques to study thermal
radiation, heat transfer, and fluorescence in complicated geometries, checking
our method against established techniques best suited for homogeneous bodies as
well as applying it to obtain predictions of radiation from complex bodies with
spatially varying permittivities and/or temperature profiles
Energy transfer by the scattering of resonant photons
A formal derivation is presented of the energy transfer rate between
radiation and matter due to the scattering of an isotropic distribution of
resonant photons. The derivation is developed in the context of the two-level
atom in the absence of collisions and radiative transitions to and from the
continuum, but includes the full angle-averaged redistribution function for
photon scattering. The result is compared with previous derivations, all of
which have been based on the Fokker-Planck approximation to the radiative
transfer equation. A new Fokker-Planck approximation, including an extension to
higher (post-diffusive) orders, is derived to solve the radiative transfer
equation, and time-dependent numerical solutions are found. The relaxation of
the colour temperature to the matter temperature is computed as the radiation
field approaches statistical equilibrium through scattering. The results are
discussed in the context of the Wouthuysen-Field mechanism for coupling the
21cm spin temperature of neutral hydrogen to the kinetic temperature of the gas
through LyA scattering. The evolution of the heating rate is also computed, and
shown to diminish as the gas approaches statistical equilibrium.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures. Submitted to MNRAS. RT eq. simplified to
generalise results including stimulated emissio
Model atmospheres of sub-stellar mass objects
We present an outline of basic assumptions and governing structural equations
describing atmospheres of substellar mass objects, in particular the extrasolar
giant planets and brown dwarfs. Although most of the presentation of the
physical and numerical background is generic, details of the implementation
pertain mostly to the code CoolTlusty. We also present a review of numerical
approaches and computer codes devised to solve the structural equations, and
make a critical evaluation of their efficiency and accuracy.Comment: 31 pages, 10 figure
Interaction Between Convection and Pulsation
This article reviews our current understanding of modelling convection
dynamics in stars. Several semi-analytical time-dependent convection models
have been proposed for pulsating one-dimensional stellar structures with
different formulations for how the convective turbulent velocity field couples
with the global stellar oscillations. In this review we put emphasis on two,
widely used, time-dependent convection formulations for estimating pulsation
properties in one-dimensional stellar models. Applications to pulsating stars
are presented with results for oscillation properties, such as the effects of
convection dynamics on the oscillation frequencies, or the stability of
pulsation modes, in classical pulsators and in stars supporting solar-type
oscillations.Comment: Invited review article for Living Reviews in Solar Physics. 88 pages,
14 figure
Sagittarius A* Accretion Flow and Black Hole Parameters from General Relativistic Dynamical and Polarized Radiative Modeling
We obtain estimates of Sgr A* accretion flow and black hole parameters by
fitting polarized sub-mm observations with spectra computed using
three-dimensional (3D) general relativistic (GR) magnetohydrodynamical (MHD)
(GRMHD) simulations. Observations are compiled from averages over many epochs
from reports in 29 papers for estimating the mean fluxes Fnu, linear
polarization (LP) fractions, circular polarization (CP) fractions, and electric
vector position angles (EVPAs). GRMHD simulations are computed with
dimensionless spins a_*=0,0.5,0.7,0.9,0.98 over a 20,000M time interval. We
perform fully self-consistent GR polarized radiative transfer using our new
code to explore the effects of spin a_*, inclination angle \theta, position
angle (PA), accretion rate Mdot, and electron temperature Te (Te is reported
for radius 6M). By fitting the mean sub-mm fluxes and LP/CP fractions, we
obtain estimates for these model parameters and determine the physical effects
that could produce polarization signatures. Our best bet model has a_*=0.5,
\theta=75deg, PA=115deg, Mdot=4.6*10^{-8}M_Sun/year, and Te=3.1*10^10K at 6M.
The sub-mm CP is mainly produced by Faraday conversion as modified by Faraday
rotation, and the emission region size at 230GHz is consistent with the VLBI
size of 37microas. Across all spins, model parameters are in the ranges
\theta=42deg-75deg, Mdot=(1.4-7.0)*10^{-8}M_Sun/year, and Te=(3-4)*10^10K.
Polarization is found both to help differentiate models and to introduce new
observational constraints on the effects of the magnetic field that might not
be fit by accretion models so-far considered.Comment: 19 pages, 11 figures, accepted to Ap
Radiative efficiency and thermal spectrum of accretion onto Schwarzschild black holes
Recent general relativistic magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of
accretion onto black holes have shown that, contrary to the basic assumptions
of the Novikov-Thorne model, there can be substantial magnetic stress
throughout the plunging region. Additional dissipation and radiation can
therefore be expected. We use data from a particularly well-resolved simulation
of accretion onto a non-spinning black hole to compute both the radiative
efficiency of such a flow and its spectrum if all emitted light is radiated
with a thermal spectrum whose temperature matches the local effective
temperature. This disk is geometrically thin enough (H/r ~= 0.06) that little
heat is retained in the flow. In terms of light reaching infinity (i.e., after
allowance for all relativistic effects and for photon capture by the black
hole), we find that the radiative efficiency is at least ~=6-10% greater than
predicted by the Novikov-Thorne model (complete radiation of all heat might
yield another ~6%). We also find that the spectrum more closely resembles the
Novikov-Thorne prediction for a/M ~= 0.2--0.3 than for the correct value,
a/M=0. As a result, if the spin of a non-spinning black hole is inferred by
model-fitting to a Novikov-Thorne model with known black hole mass, distance,
and inclination, the inferred a/M is too large by ~= 0.2--0.3.Comment: Submitted to ApJ, 26 pages, 12 figures (some in color), AASTE
THOR 2.0: Major Improvements to the Open-Source General Circulation Model
THOR is the first open-source general circulation model (GCM) developed from
scratch to study the atmospheres and climates of exoplanets, free from Earth-
or Solar System-centric tunings. It solves the general non-hydrostatic Euler
equations (instead of the primitive equations) on a sphere using the
icosahedral grid. In the current study, we report major upgrades to THOR,
building upon the work of Mendon\c{c}a et al. (2016). First, while the
Horizontally Explicit Vertically Implicit (HEVI) integration scheme is the same
as that described in Mendon\c{c}a et al. (2016), we provide a clearer
description of the scheme and improved its implementation in the code. The
differences in implementation between the hydrostatic shallow (HSS),
quasi-hydrostatic deep (QHD) and non-hydrostatic deep (NHD) treatments are
fully detailed. Second, standard physics modules are added: two-stream,
double-gray radiative transfer and dry convective adjustment. Third, THOR is
tested on additional benchmarks: tidally-locked Earth, deep hot Jupiter,
acoustic wave, and gravity wave. Fourth, we report that differences between the
hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic simulations are negligible in the Earth case,
but pronounced in the hot Jupiter case. Finally, the effects of the so-called
"sponge layer", a form of drag implemented in most GCMs to provide numerical
stability, are examined. Overall, these upgrades have improved the flexibility,
user-friendliness, and stability of THOR.Comment: 57 pages, 31 figures, revised, accepted for publication in ApJ
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