Le rôle de la métaphore dans le dévéloppement des compétences communicatives et interculturelles en langue étrangère

The objective of this paper is to present the role of metaphors in the acquisition of language and then to examine thoroughly the possibility of their usage in the development of communicative and intercultural skills, that are at the centre of foreign language acquisition. Our refl ection originated in the observation of students’ work during the creative workshop offered to students in the second year of Romance Philology. This course builds on the «creativity training» proposed by Nęcka, whose purpose is the activation of mental processes and the development of conceptual categories through metaphors (used both as a means and as an outcome). This notion is based on research in cognitive psychology. After an overview of the different approaches to metaphors, we try to defi ne their relationship with the acquisition of the mother tongue. We then propose some possible usage of metaphors taking as illustration the activities implemented during our workshop whose originality is to integrate the activities proposed by Nęcka in a task-oriented approach to teaching French as a foreign language. Finally, we conclude our refl ection on the benefi ts, limitations and possible obstacles to their implementation during a course as well as some suggestions likely to optimize the objectives.The objective of this paper is to present the role of metaphors in the acquisition of language and then to examine thoroughly the possibility of their usage in the development of communicative and intercultural skills, that are at the centre of foreign language acquisition. Our refl ection originated in the observation of students’ work during the creative workshop offered to students in the second year of Romance Philology. This course builds on the «creativity training» proposed by Nęcka, whose purpose is the activation of mental processes and the development of conceptual categories through metaphors (used both as a means and as an outcome). This notion is based on research in cognitive psychology. After an overview of the different approaches to metaphors, we try to defi ne their relationship with the acquisition of the mother tongue. We then propose some possible usage of metaphors taking as illustration the activities implemented during our workshop whose originality is to integrate the activities proposed by Nęcka in a task-oriented approach to teaching French as a foreign language. Finally, we conclude our refl ection on the benefi ts, limitations and possible obstacles to their implementation during a course as well as some suggestions likely to optimize the objectives

X-ray Variability and Emission Process of the Radio Jet in M87

We monitored the M87 jet with the ACIS-S detector on Chandra with 5 observations between 2002 Jan and 2002 Jul. Our goal was to determine the presence and degree of variability in morphology, intensity, and spectral parameters. We find strong variability of the core and HST-1, the knot lying 0.8" from the core. These observations were designed to constrain the X-ray emission process: whereas synchrotron emission would necessitate the presence of extremely high energy electrons with a halflife of a few years or less, inverse Compton emission from a relativistic jet would arise from low energy electrons with very long halflives. Currently, all indications point to a synchrotron process for the X-ray emission from the M87 jet. We give key parameters for a ``modest beaming'' synchrotron model.Comment: 4 pages with 2 embedded figures (1 in color). To be published in the proceedings of the Bologna Jet Workshop "The Physics of Relativistic Jets in the CHANDRA and XMM Era", 23-27 September 2002, Brunetti, Harris, Sambruna, and Setti, editors. 2003, New Ast. Re

SPOT satellite family: Past, present, and future of the operations in the mission and control center

SPOT sun-synchronous remote sensing satellites are operated by CNES since February 1986. Today, the SPOT mission and control center (CCM) operates SPOT1, SPOT2, and is ready to operate SPOT3. During these seven years, the way to operate changed and the CCM, initially designed for the control of one satellite, has been modified and upgraded to support these new operating modes. All these events have shown the performances and the limits of the system. A new generation of satellite (SPOT4) will continue the remote sensing mission during the second half of the 90's. Its design takes into account the experience of the first generation and supports several improvements. A new generation of control center (CMP) has been developed and improves the efficiency, quality, and reliability of the operations. The CMP is designed for operating two satellites at the same time during launching, in-orbit testing, and operating phases. It supports several automatic procedures and improves data retrieval and reporting

Fair non-monetary scheduling in federated clouds

In a hybrid cloud, individual cloud service providers (CSPs) often have incentive to use each other's resources to off-load peak loads or place load closer to the end user. However, CSPs have to keep track of contributions and gains in order to disincentivize long-term free-riding. We show CloudShare, a distributed version of a load balancing algorithm DirectCloud based on the Shapley value---a powerful fairness concept from game theory. CloudShare coordinates CSPs by a ZooKeeper-based coordination layer; each CSP runs a broker that interacts with local resources (such as Kubernetes-managed clusters). We quantitatively evaluate our implementation by simulation. The results confirm that CloudShare generates on the average more fair schedules than the popular FairShare algorithm. We believe our results show an viable alternative to monetary methods based on, e.g., spot markets.Comment: Accepted to CrossCloud'18: 5th Workshop on CrossCloud Infrastructures & Platform

Synchrotron and Inverse Compton Constraints on Lorentz Violations for Electrons

We present a method for constraining Lorentz violation in the electron sector, based on observations of the photons emitted by high-energy astrophysical sources. The most important Lorentz-violating operators at the relevant energies are parameterized by a tensor c^{nu mu) with nine independent components. If c is nonvanishing, then there may be either a maximum electron velocity less than the speed of light or a maximum energy for subluminal electrons; both these quantities will generally depend on the direction of an electron's motion. From synchrotron radiation, we may infer a lower bound on the maximum velocity, and from inverse Compton emission, a lower bound on the maximum subluminal energy. With observational data for both these types of emission from multiple celestial sources, we may then place bounds on all nine of the coefficients that make up c. The most stringent bound, on a certain combination of the coefficients, is at the 6 x 10^(-20) level, and bounds on the coefficients individually range from the 7 x 10^(-15) level to the 2 x 10^(-17) level. For most of the coefficients, these are the most precise bounds available, and with newly available data, we can already improve over previous bounds obtained by the same methods.Comment: 28 page

Constraining Radiatively Inefficient Accretion Flows with Polarization

The low-luminosity black hole Sgr A* provides a testbed for models of Radiatively Inefficient Accretion Flows (RIAFs). Recent sub-millimeter linear polarization measurements of Sgr A* have provided evidence that the electrons in the accretion flow are relativistic over a large range of radii. Here, we show that these high temperatures result in elliptical plasma normal modes. Thus, polarized millimeter and sub-millimeter radiation emitted within RIAFs will undergo generalized Faraday rotation, a cyclic conversion between linear and circular polarization. This effect will not depolarize the radiation even if the rotation measure is extremely high. Rather, the beam will take on the linear and circular polarization properties of the plasma normal modes. As a result, polarization measurements of Sgr A* in this frequency regime will constrain the temperature, density and magnetic profiles of RIAF models.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, accepted by ApJ Letter

Hydrodynamical Simulations of Recollimation Shocks within Relativistic Astrophysical Jets

Abstract: Astrophysical jets launched from active galactic nuclei can remain tightly collimated over large distances due, in part, to recollimation shocks. Formed within the jets due to their supersonic nature, recollimation shocks are predicted to leave signatures in the observed radio emission due to magnetic flux freezing and the geometric relationship between magnetic fields and the polarization of synchrotron radiation. In the course of this work, we will compare how predictions of emission from recollimation shocks change when the flow is modelled using a hydrodynamical code, as opposed to semi-dynamical and magnetohydrodynamical codes. Jets generally exhibit low levels of polarization, which implies a substantially disordered magnetic field. It is difficult to model such fields using magnetohydrodynamics, hence this work uses hydrodynamical code and a statistical treatment of the magnetic field (c.f. Scheuer and Matthews, 1990). It should then be possible to assess whether certain radio jet phenomena, such as knots and radio-cores, may be modelled as singular or multiple recollimation shocks. To date, the hydrodynamical code has been successfully built and executed on UCLan’s supercomputer cluster, and parallelepiped vector triads have been included to monitor the fluid deformation within the simulation, so that the emergent flux and polarization may be calculated. The parallelepiped advection is currently being verified and some results are discussed. Code for radiative transfer throughout the jet is also being implemented, in order to simulate images for comparison with previous works and observations

The first bent double lobe radio source in a known cluster filament: Constraints on the intra-filament medium

We announce the first discovery of a bent double lobe radio source (DLRS) in a known cluster filament. The bent DLRS is found at a distance of 3.4 Mpc from the center of the rich galaxy cluster, Abell~1763. We derive a bend angle alpha=25deg, and infer that the source is most likely seen at a viewing angle of Phi=10deg. From measuring the flux in the jet between the core and further lobe and assuming a spectral index of 1, we calculate the minimum pressure in the jet, (8.0+-3.2)x10^-13 dyn/cm^2, and derive constraints on the intra-filament medium (IFM) assuming the bend of the jet is due to ram pressure. We constrain the IFM to be between (1-20)x10^-29 gm/cm^3. This is consistent with recent direct probes of the IFM and theoretical models. These observations justify future searches for bent double lobe radio sources located several Mpc from cluster cores, as they may be good markers of super cluster filaments.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures, accepted in ApJ Letter