The rise and demise of Lucent Technologies

We analyze the rise and demise of Lucent Technologies from the time that it was spun off from AT&T in April 1996 to its merger with Alcatel in December 2006. The analysis, contained in the three sections that form the body of this paper, considers three questions concerning Lucent’s performance over the decade of its existence. 1.How was Lucent, with over $20 billion in sales in 1995 as a division of AT&T, able to almost double its size by achieving a compound growth rate of over 17 percent per year from 1995 to 1999? 2.What was the relationship between Lucent’s growth strategy during the Internet boom and the company’s financial difficulties in the Internet crash of 2001-2003 when the Lucent was on the brink of bankruptcy? 3.After extensive restructuring during the telecommunications industry downturn of 2001-2003, why was Lucent unable to re-emerge as an innovative competitor in the communications equipment industry when the industry recovered?Communications equipment; innovation; global competition; financialization

Smart handoff technique for internet of vehicles communication using dynamic edge-backup node

© 2020 The Authors. Published by MDPI. This is an open access article available under a Creative Commons licence. The published version can be accessed at the following link on the publisher’s website: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9030524A vehicular adhoc network (VANET) recently emerged in the the Internet of Vehicles (IoV); it involves the computational processing of moving vehicles. Nowadays, IoV has turned into an interesting field of research as vehicles can be equipped with processors, sensors, and communication devices. IoV gives rise to handoff, which involves changing the connection points during the online communication session. This presents a major challenge for which many standardized solutions are recommended. Although there are various proposed techniques and methods to support seamless handover procedure in IoV, there are still some open research issues, such as unavoidable packet loss rate and latency. On the other hand, the emerged concept of edge mobile computing has gained crucial attention by researchers that could help in reducing computational complexities and decreasing communication delay. Hence, this paper specifically studies the handoff challenges in cluster based handoff using new concept of dynamic edge-backup node. The outcomes are evaluated and contrasted with the network mobility method, our proposed technique, and other cluster-based technologies. The results show that coherence in communication during the handoff method can be upgraded, enhanced, and improved utilizing the proposed technique.Published onlin

Energy-efficient vertical handover parameters, classification and solutions over wireless heterogeneous networks: a comprehensive survey

In the last few decades, the popularity of wireless networks has been growing dramatically for both home and business networking. Nowadays, smart mobile devices equipped with various wireless networking interfaces are used to access the Internet, communicate, socialize and handle short or long-term businesses. As these devices rely on their limited batteries, energy-efficiency has become one of the major issues in both academia and industry. Due to terminal mobility, the variety of radio access technologies and the necessity of connecting to the Internet anytime and anywhere, energy-efficient handover process within the wireless heterogeneous networks has sparked remarkable attention in recent years. In this context, this paper first addresses the impact of specific information (local, network-assisted, QoS-related, user preferences, etc.) received remotely or locally on the energy efficiency as well as the impact of vertical handover phases, and methods. It presents energy-centric state-of-the-art vertical handover approaches and their impact on energy efficiency. The paper also discusses the recommendations on possible energy gains at different stages of the vertical handover process

Energy-efficient vertical handover parameters, classification and solutions over wireless heterogeneous networks: a comprehensive survey

In the last few decades, the popularity of wireless networks has been growing dramatically for both home and business networking. Nowadays, smart mobile devices equipped with various wireless networking interfaces are used to access the Internet, communicate, socialize and handle short or long-term businesses. As these devices rely on their limited batteries, energy-efficiency has become one of the major issues in both academia and industry. Due to terminal mobility, the variety of radio access technologies and the necessity of connecting to the Internet anytime and anywhere, energy-efficient handover process within the wireless heterogeneous networks has sparked remarkable attention in recent years. In this context, this paper first addresses the impact of specific information (local, network-assisted, QoS-related, user preferences, etc.) received remotely or locally on the energy efficiency as well as the impact of vertical handover phases, and methods. It presents energy-centric state-of-the-art vertical handover approaches and their impact on energy efficiency. The paper also discusses the recommendations on possible energy gains at different stages of the vertical handover process

An Intelligent Vertical Handover Scheme for Audio and Video Streaming in Heterogeneous Vehicular Networks

In heterogeneous vehicular networks, the most challenging issue is obtaining an efficient vertical handover during the vehicle roaming process. Efficient network selection process can achieve satisfactory Quality of Service for ongoing applications. In this paper, we propose an Intelligent Network Selection (INS) scheme based on maximization scoring function to efficiently rank available wireless network candidates. Three input parameters were utilized to develop a maximization scoring function that collected data from each network candidate during the selection process. These parameters are: Faded Signal-to-Noise Ratio, Residual Channel Capacity, and Connection Life Time. The results show that the proposed INS scheme is more efficient at decreasing handover delays, End-to-End delays for VoIP and Video applications, packet loss ratios as well as increasing the efficiency of network selection processes in comparison with the state of the arts.Sadiq, AS.; Abu Bakar, K.; Ghafoor, KZ.; Lloret, J.; Khokhar, R. (2013). An Intelligent Vertical Handover Scheme for Audio and Video Streaming in Heterogeneous Vehicular Networks. Mobile Networks and Applications. 18(6):879-895. doi:10.1007/s11036-013-0465-8S879895186Chen YS, Cheng CH, Hsu CS, Chiu GM (2009) Network mobility protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks. In: Wireless communications and networking conference, IEEE, pp 1–6Ghafoor KZ, Abu Bakar K, Lee K, AL-Hashimi H (2010) A novel delay-and reliability-aware inter-vehicle routing protocol. Netw Protoc Algorithm 2(2):66–88Ghafoor KZ, Abu Bakar K, Lloret J, Khokhar RH, Lee KC (2013) Intelligent beaconless geographical forwarding for urban vehicular environments. Wirel netw 19(3):345–362Prakash A, Tripathi S, Verma R, Tyagi N, Tripathi R, Naik K (2011) Vehicle assisted cross-layer handover scheme in nemo-based vanets (vanemo). Int J Internet Protoc Technol 6(1):83–95Lee C-W, Chen MC, Sun YS (2013) Protocol and architecture supports for network mobility with qos-handover for high-velocity vehicles. Wirel Netw 19(5):811–830Pereira P, Casaca A, Rodrigues JJPC, Soares VNGJ, Triay Joan, Cervelló-Pastor C (2011) From delay-tolerant networks to vehicular delay-tolerant networks. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 1(4):1166–1182Lloret J, Canovas A, Catalá A, Garcia M (2013) Group-based protocol and mobility model for vanets to offer internet access. J Netw Comput Appl 36(3):10271038Ghafoor KZ, Lloret J, Abu Bakar K, Sadiq AS, Mussa SAB (2013) Beaconing approaches in vehicular ad hoc networks: A survey. Wirel Pers Commun 1–28. doi: 10.1007/s11277-013-1222-9Wang L, Kuo G (2011) Mathematical modeling for network selection in heterogeneous wireless networks?a tutorial. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 15(1):271–292Nguyen-Vuong QT, Ghamri-Doudane Y, Agoulmine N (2008) On utility models for access network selection in wireless heterogeneous networks. In: Network operations and management symposium. Salvador, Bahia, pp 144–151Canovas A, Bri D, Sendra S, Lloret J (2012) Vertical WLAN handover algorithm and protocol to improve the IPTV QoS of the end user. ON, Ottawa, pp 1901–1905Varma VK, Ramesh S, Wong KD, Barton M, Hayward G, Friedhoffer JA (2003) Mobility management in integrated UMTS/WLAN networks. In: International conference on communications. IEEE, USA, pp 1048–1053Mohanty S (2006) A new architecture for 3G and WLAN integration and inter-system handover management. Wirel Netw 12(6):733–745Rivera-Lara EJ, Herrerías-Hernández R, Pérez-Díaz JA, García-Hernández CF (2008) Analysis of the relationship between QoS and snr for an 802.11 g wlan. In: International conference on communication theory, reliability, and quality of service. IEEE, Bucharest, pp 103–107Rappaport TS (2002) Wireless communications principles and practice, 2nd edn. Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle RiverCarpenter T (2007) CWNA certified wireless network administrator official study guide (Exam PW0-100). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media, New YorkEberspacher J, Eberspächer J, Bettstetter C, Vögel HJ, Hartmann C, Vgel HJ, et al (2009) GSM-architecture, protocols and services. Wiley, New YorkWLAN-MAC (2007) Wireless lan medium access control (MAC) and physical layer specifications. IEEE Comput Soc, pp 1–1183. http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/802.11.html ,Kappler C (2009) UMTS networks and beyond. Wiley, New YorkEgoh K, De S (2006) A multi-criteria receiver-side relay election approach in wireless ad hoc networks. In: Military communications conference. IEEE, Washington, DC, pp 1–7Bucciol P, Ridolfo F, De Martin JC (2008) Multicast voice transmission over vehicular ad hoc networks: issues and challenges. In: Seventh international conference on networking. IEEE, Cancun, pp 746–751Thonet G, Allard-Jacquin P, Colle P (2008) Zigbee–wifi coexistence, Schneider electric white paperRibadeneira AF (2007) An analysis of the mos under conditions of delay, jitter and packet loss and an analysis of the impact of introducing piggybacking and Reed Solomon fec for VoIP. Computer science theses, pp 44Karapantazis S, Pavlidou FN (2009) Voip: A comprehensive survey on a promising technology. Comput Netw 53(12):2050–2090Ortiz C, Frigon JF, Sanso B, Girard A (2008) Effective bandwidth evaluation for voip applications in ieee 802.11 networks. In: Wireless communications and mobile computing conference. IEEE, Crete Island, pp 926–931International Telecommunication Union (1996) Telecommunication Standardization Sector. Methods for subjective determination of transmission quality, international telecommunication unionLi D, Pan J (2008) Evaluating MPEG-4/AVC video streaming over ieee 802.11 wireless distribution system. In: Wireless communications and networking conference. WCNC 2008 IEEE, IEEE, pp 2147–2152Yan X, Mani N, Cekercioglu YA (2008) A traveling distance prediction based method to minimize unnecessary handovers from cellular networks to WLANS. Commun Lett IEEE 12(1):14–16Lo SC, Lee G, Chen WT, Liu JC (2004) Architecture for mobility and QoS support in all-ip wireless networks. 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Transport poverty meets the digital divide : accessibility and connectivity in rural communities

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

The Road Ahead for Networking: A Survey on ICN-IP Coexistence Solutions

In recent years, the current Internet has experienced an unexpected paradigm shift in the usage model, which has pushed researchers towards the design of the Information-Centric Networking (ICN) paradigm as a possible replacement of the existing architecture. Even though both Academia and Industry have investigated the feasibility and effectiveness of ICN, achieving the complete replacement of the Internet Protocol (IP) is a challenging task. Some research groups have already addressed the coexistence by designing their own architectures, but none of those is the final solution to move towards the future Internet considering the unaltered state of the networking. To design such architecture, the research community needs now a comprehensive overview of the existing solutions that have so far addressed the coexistence. The purpose of this paper is to reach this goal by providing the first comprehensive survey and classification of the coexistence architectures according to their features (i.e., deployment approach, deployment scenarios, addressed coexistence requirements and architecture or technology used) and evaluation parameters (i.e., challenges emerging during the deployment and the runtime behaviour of an architecture). We believe that this paper will finally fill the gap required for moving towards the design of the final coexistence architecture.Comment: 23 pages, 16 figures, 3 table

Will SDN be part of 5G?

For many, this is no longer a valid question and the case is considered settled with SDN/NFV (Software Defined Networking/Network Function Virtualization) providing the inevitable innovation enablers solving many outstanding management issues regarding 5G. However, given the monumental task of softwarization of radio access network (RAN) while 5G is just around the corner and some companies have started unveiling their 5G equipment already, the concern is very realistic that we may only see some point solutions involving SDN technology instead of a fully SDN-enabled RAN. This survey paper identifies all important obstacles in the way and looks at the state of the art of the relevant solutions. This survey is different from the previous surveys on SDN-based RAN as it focuses on the salient problems and discusses solutions proposed within and outside SDN literature. Our main focus is on fronthaul, backward compatibility, supposedly disruptive nature of SDN deployment, business cases and monetization of SDN related upgrades, latency of general purpose processors (GPP), and additional security vulnerabilities, softwarization brings along to the RAN. We have also provided a summary of the architectural developments in SDN-based RAN landscape as not all work can be covered under the focused issues. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on the state of the art of SDN-based RAN and clearly points out the gaps in the technology.Comment: 33 pages, 10 figure