Multiphase induction motor drives - a technology status review

The area of multiphase variable-speed motor drives in general and multiphase induction motor drives in particular has experienced a substantial growth since the beginning of this century. Research has been conducted worldwide and numerous interesting developments have been reported in the literature. An attempt is made to provide a detailed overview of the current state-of-the-art in this area. The elaborated aspects include advantages of multiphase induction machines, modelling of multiphase induction machines, basic vector control and direct torque control schemes and PWM control of multiphase voltage source inverters. The authors also provide a detailed survey of the control strategies for five-phase and asymmetrical six-phase induction motor drives, as well as an overview of the approaches to the design of fault tolerant strategies for post-fault drive operation, and a discussion of multiphase multi-motor drives with single inverter supply. Experimental results, collected from various multiphase induction motor drive laboratory rigs, are also included to facilitate the understanding of the drive operatio

Direct Torque Control based on Virtual Voltage Vector for a Six-phase Induction Machine

[EN] Direct torque control (DTC) strategy is one of the methods used to control multiphase machines. This strategy has been popular in recent decades owing to its speed, robustness and simplicity in the control scheme. However, the appearance of the new secondary x-y currents components typical of multiphase systems can deteriorate the currents quality and increase the losses in the stator copper if they are not regulated properly. That is why the definition and use of the called virtual voltage vectors allow the reduction of these x-y components, thus alleviating the main problem of the direct extension of the DTC to systems with more than three phases. This paper presents the implementation of virtual voltage vectors in a direct torque control for the speed regulation of a six-phase induction machine, validating the goodness of the control strategy proposed by experimental results.[ES] La estrategia de control directo de par (DTC por sus siglas en inglés) es uno de los métodos empleados para el control de máquinas multifásicas. Esta estrategia ha sido popular en las últimas décadas gracias a su rapidez, robustez y simplicidad en el esquema de control. Sin embargo, la aparición de las nuevas componentes secundarias de corrientes x-y propias de los sistemas multifásicos pueden deteriorar la calidad de las corrientes y aumentar las pérdidas en el cobre del estator si no se regulan adecuadamente. Es por ello por lo que la definición y el uso de los denominados vectores virtuales de tensión permiten la reducción de estas componentes x-y, paliando así el principal problema de la extensión directa del DTC a sistemas con más de tres fases. Este artículo presenta la implementación de vectores virtuales de tensión en un control directo de par para la regulación de la velocidad de máquina de inducción de seis fases, validando la bondad de la estrategia de control propuesta mediante resultados experimentales.García Entrambasaguas, P.; González Prieto, I.; Durán Martínez, MJ.; Bermúdez Guzmán, M.; Barrero García, FJ. (2018). Vectores Virtuales de Tensión en Control Directo de Par para una Máquina de Inducción de Seis Fases. Revista Iberoamericana de Automática e Informática industrial. 15(3):277-285. https://doi.org/10.4995/riai.2018.9837OJS277285153Abdel-Khalik, A.S., Masoud, M.I. y Williams, B.W. 2012. Improved flux pattern with third harmonic injection for multiphase induction machines. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 27, No. 3, 1563-1578.Abdel-Khalik, A.S., Masoud, M.I. y Williams, B.W. 2012. Vector controlled multiphase induction machine: harmonic injection using optimized constant gains. 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Speed control of five-phase induction motors with integrated open-phase fault operation using model-based predictive current control techniques. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 61, No. 9, 4474-4484.Guzmán, H., Durán, M.J., Barrero, F., Zarri, L., Bogado, B., González-Prieto, I. y Arahal, M.R. 2016. Comparative study of predictive and resonant controllers in fault-tolerant five-phase induction motor drives. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 63, No. 1, 606-617.Hodge, C., Williamson, S. y Smith, A.C. 2002. Direct drive marine propulsion motors. Proc. Int. Conf. Electrical Machines (ICEM), Bruges, Belgium, CD-ROM, Paper 807.Jones, M., Slobodan, N., Vukosavic, S., Dujic, D. y Levi, E. 2009. A synchronous current control scheme for multiphase induction motor drives. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 24, No. 4, 860-868.Jung, E., Yoo, H., Sul, S., Choi, H. y Choi, Y. 2012. A nine-phase permanent-magnet motor drive system for an ultrahigh-speed elevator. 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A novel direct torque control scheme for a sensorless five-phase induction motor drive. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 58, No. 2, 503-513

New Modulation Technique to Mitigate Common Mode Voltage Effects in Star-Connected Five-Phase AC Drives

Star-connected multiphase AC drives are being considered for electromovility applications such as electromechanical actuators (EMA), where high power density and fault tolerance is demanded. As for three-phase systems, common-mode voltage (CMV) is an issue for multiphase drives. CMV leads to shaft voltages between rotor and stator windings, generating bearing currents which accelerate bearing degradation and produce high electromagnetic interferences (EMI). CMV effects can be mitigated by using appropriate modulation techniques. Thus, this work proposes a new Hybrid PWM algorithm that effectively reduces CMV in five-phase AC electric drives, improving their reliability. All the mathematical background required to understand the proposal, i.e., vector transformations, vector sequences and calculation of analytical expressions for duty cycle determination are detailed. Additionally, practical details that simplify the implementation of the proposal in an FPGA are also included. This technique, HAZSL5M5-PWM, extends the linear range of the AZSL5M5-PWM modulation, providing a full linear range. Simulation results obtained in an accurate multiphase EMA model are provided, showing the validity of the proposed modulation approach.This work has been supported in part by the Government of the Basque Country within the fund for research groups of the Basque University system IT978-16 and in part by the Government of the Basque Country within the research program ELKARTEK as the project ENSOL (KK-2018/00040)

The Essential Role and the Continuous Evolution of Modulation Techniques for Voltage-Source Inverters in the Past, Present, and Future Power Electronics

The cost reduction of power-electronic devices, the increase in their reliability, efficiency, and power capability, and lower development times, together with more demanding application requirements, has driven the development of several new inverter topologies recently introduced in the industry, particularly medium-voltage converters. New more complex inverter topologies and new application fields come along with additional control challenges, such as voltage imbalances, power-quality issues, higher efficiency needs, and fault-tolerant operation, which necessarily requires the parallel development of modulation schemes. Therefore, recently, there have been significant advances in the field of modulation of dc/ac converters, which conceptually has been dominated during the last several decades almost exclusively by classic pulse-width modulation (PWM) methods. This paper aims to concentrate and discuss the latest developments on this exciting technology, to provide insight on where the state-of-the-art stands today, and analyze the trends and challenges driving its future

Observer-based Fault Detection and Diagnosis for Mechanical Transmission Systems with Sensorless Variable Speed Drives

Observer based approaches are commonly embedded in sensorless variable speed drives for the purpose of speed control. It estimates system variables to produce errors or residual signals in conjunction with corresponding measurements. The residual signals then are relied to tune control parameters to maintain operational performance even if there are considerable disturbances such as noises and component faults. Obviously, this control strategy outcomes robust control performances. However, it may produce adverse consequences to the system when faults progress to high severity. To prevent the occurrences of such consequences, this research proposes the utilisation of residual signals as detection features to raise alerts for incipient faults. Based on a gear transmission system with a sensorless variable speed drive (VSD), observers for speed, flux and torque are developed for examining their residuals under two mechanical faults: tooth breakage with different degrees of severities and shortage of lubricant at different levels are investigated. It shows that power residual signals can be based on to indicate different faults, showing that the observer based approaches are effective for monitoring VSD based mechanical systems. Moreover, it also shows that these two types fault can be separated based on the dynamic components in the voltage signals

Fault-Tolerant Control of a Flux-switching Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine

Je jasné, že nejúspěšnější konstrukce zahrnuje postup vícefázového řízení, ve kterém každá fáze může být považována za samostatný modul. Provoz kterékoliv z jednotek musí mít minimální vliv na ostatní, a to tak, že v případě selhání jedné jednotky ostatní mohou být v provozu neovlivněny. Modulární řešení vyžaduje minimální elektrické, magnetické a tepelné ovlivnění mezi fázemi řízení (měniče). Synchronní stroje s pulzním tokem a permanentními magnety se jeví jako atraktivní typ stroje, jejíž přednostmi jsou vysoký kroutící moment, jednoduchá a robustní konstrukce rotoru a skutečnost, že permanentní magnety i cívky jsou umístěny společně na statoru. FS-PMSM jsou poměrně nové typy střídavého stroje stator-permanentní magnet, které představují významné přednosti na rozdíl od konvenčních rotorů - velký kroutící moment, vysoký točivý moment, v podstatě sinusové zpětné EMF křivky, zároveň kompaktní a robustní konstrukce díky umístění magnetů a vinutí kotvy na statoru. Srovnání výsledků mezi FS-PMSM a klasickými motory na povrchu upevněnými PM (SPM) se stejnými parametry ukazuje, že FS-PMSM vykazuje větší vzduchové mezery hustoty toku, vyšší točivý moment na ztráty v mědi, ale také vyšší pulzaci díky reluktančnímu momentu. Pro stroje buzené permanentními magnety se jedná o tradiční rozpor mezi požadavkem na vysoký kroutící moment pod základní rychlostí (oblast konstantního momentu) a provozem nad základní rychlostí (oblast konstantního výkonu), zejména pro aplikace v hybridních vozidlech. Je předložena nová topologie synchronního stroje s permanentními magnety a spínaným tokem odolného proti poruchám, která je schopná provozu během vinutí naprázdno a zkratovaného vinutí i poruchách měniče. Schéma je založeno na dvojitě vinutém motoru napájeném ze dvou oddělených vektorově řízených napěťových zdrojů. Vinutí jsou uspořádána takovým způsobem, aby tvořila dvě nezávislé a oddělené sady. Simulace a experimentální výzkum zpřesní výkon během obou scénářů jak za normálního provozu, tak za poruch včetně zkratových závad a ukáží robustnost pohonu za těchto podmínek. Tato práce byla publikována v deseti konferenčních příspěvcích, dvou časopisech a knižní kapitole, kde byly představeny jak topologie pohonu a aplikovaná řídící schémata, tak analýzy jeho schopnosti odolávat poruchám.It has become clear that the most successful design approach involves a multiple phase drive in which each phase may be regarded as a single-module. The operation of any one module must have minimal impact upon the others, so that in the event of that module failing the others can continue to operate unaffected. The modular approach requires that there should be minimal electrical, magnetic and thermal interaction between phases of the drive. Flux-Switching permanent magnet synchronous machines (FS-PMSM) have recently emerged as an attractive machine type virtue of their high torque densities, simple and robust rotor structure and the fact that permanent magnets and coils are both located on the stator. Flux-switching permanent magnet (FS-PMSM) synchronous machines are a relatively new topology of stator PM brushless machine. They exhibit attractive merits including the large torque capability and high torque (power) density, essentially sinusoidal back-EMF waveforms, as well as having a compact and robust structure due to both the location of magnets and armature windings in the stator instead of the rotor as those in the conventional rotor-PM machines. The comparative results between a FS-PMSM and a traditional surface-mounted PM (SPM) motor having the same specifications reveal that FS-PMSM exhibits larger air-gap flux density, higher torque per copper loss, but also a higher torque ripple due to cogging -torque. However, for solely permanent magnets excited machines, it is a traditional contradiction between the requests of high torque capability under the base-speed (constant torque region) and wide speed operation above the base speed (constant power region) especially for hybrid vehicle applications. A novel fault-tolerant FS-PMSM drive topology is presented, which is able to operate during open- and short-circuit winding and converter faults. The scheme is based on a dual winding motor supplied from two separate vector-controlled voltage-sourced inverter drives. The windings are arranged in a way so as to form two independent and isolated sets. Simulation and experimental work will detail the driver’s performance during both healthy- and faulty- scenarios including short-circuit faults and will show the drive robustness to operate in these conditions. The work has been published in ten conference papers, two journal papers and a book chapter, presenting both the topology of the drive and the applied control schemes, as well as analysing the fault-tolerant capabilities of the drive.

Induction Motors

AC motors play a major role in modern industrial applications. Squirrel-cage induction motors (SCIMs) are probably the most frequently used when compared to other AC motors because of their low cost, ruggedness, and low maintenance. The material presented in this book is organized into four sections, covering the applications and structural properties of induction motors (IMs), fault detection and diagnostics, control strategies, and the more recently developed topology based on the multiphase (more than three phases) induction motors. This material should be of specific interest to engineers and researchers who are engaged in the modeling, design, and implementation of control algorithms applied to induction motors and, more generally, to readers broadly interested in nonlinear control, health condition monitoring, and fault diagnosis

Predictive current control in electrical drives: an illustrated review with case examples using a five-phase induction motor drive with distributed windings

The industrial application of electric machines in variable-speed drives has grown in the last decades thanks to the development of microprocessors and power converters. Although three-phase machines constitute the most common case, the interest of the research community has been recently focused on machines with more than three phases, known as multiphase machines. The principal reason lies in the exploitation of their advantages like reliability, better current distribution among phases or lower current harmonic production in the power converter than conventional three-phase ones, to name a few. Nevertheless, multiphase drives applications require the development of complex controllers to regulate the torque (or speed) and flux of the machine. In this regard, predictive current controllers have recently appeared as a viable alternative due to an easy formulation and a high flexibility to incorporate different control objectives. It is found however that these controllers face some peculiarities and limitations in their use that require attention. This work attempts to tackle the predictive current control technique as a viable alternative for the regulation of multiphase drives, paying special attention to the development of the control technique and the discussion of the benefits and limitations. Case examples with experimental results in a symmetrical five-phase induction machine with distributed windings in motoring mode of operation are used to this end

Comparative Analys is of Direct Torque Control in Three Phase and Five Phase Induction Motor Drives

The Direct Torque Control(DTC)is a type of vector control technique which is used to regulate the torque and hence speed of an induction motor drive.This method is very efficient,cheap and is very easy to execute.The absence of mechanical speed estimators along with the ease of processing and computations make it the most preferred option among all vector control techniques.In this method, only the voltage and current are sensed and they are used to estimate the torque,flux and the angle between the rotor and stator flux.Depending on the torque and flux errors,a suitable voltage vector is selected to keep the errors within the desired tolerance region.At present times,three phase induction motors have become the backbone of industries.Lifts,agricultural pumps,conveyor belts,lathes, cranes,drilling machine,etc.are some of the prominent areas where induction motors have been very effective. These motors can be controlled using the scalar V/F control techniques.However,for applications requiring quick response vector control techniques like DTC are preferred. But the problem lies in the presence of torque ripples in case of DTC of three phase induction motor drive.Recently it has been seen that multiphase induction machines have the inherent feature of low torque pulsations.Hence they have replaced their three phase counterparts in areas like ship propulsions and aerospace industries where higher accuracy is required.This feature along with many other advantages of multiphase induction machines make them a strong competitor to their three phase counterparts in the field of industrial drives.This project aims to study and simulate the conventional DTC technique in a five phase induction machine with the help of MATLAB & Simulink and compare the results with its three phase counterpart to verify the effectiveness of the multiphase machine