Extended aeration : a comparative study between prefabricated reinforced fiberglass and concrete cast in-situ plants

The choice of wastewater treatment plants for any application depends on the quality of raw sewage, the required quality of treated water and the economics resources available to pay for both capital cost and operating cost of the treatment plants. The performance of any wastewater treatment plants does not only depend on the construction cost but will also cover the cost and method of operation and maintenance, quality of effluent treated, internal, external and design factors. While potential for identifying a better type of wastewater treatment plant does exist, very modest efforts have been attempted. This study compares and contrasts two of the most commonly used extended aeration systems for small to medium size sewage treatment plants, namely prefabricated reinforced fibreglass and cast in-situ systems. The selected treatment plants are under the jurisdiction of Indah Water Konsortium Sdn. Bhd. (IWK), Terengganu. The flow of raw sewage and the performance of the treatment plants based on effluent quality (i.e. BOD, COD and SS) and electricity cost were assessed. Three treatment plants from both types of systems were studied for a period of five months. It was found that a small to medium size treatment plants suffer high variation in term of flow and organic loading. It seemed obvious that the cast in-situ treatment plants not only built structurally better and ease of operation, but also giving better effluent standard and consumed lower electricity cost

Challenges of international financial reporting standards (ifrs) in the islamic accounting world, case of middle eastern countries

This paper presents the case of representing the Middle Eastern countries on the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).International financial reporting standards (IFRS), IASB, MEC

Roots Structure and Development of Austrobaileya scandens (Austrobaileyaceae) and Implications for Their Evolution in Angiosperms

Since the resolution of the ANA grade [Amborellales, Nymphaeales, Austrobaileyales] as sister to all other flowering plants, a few comparative studies of root structure have suggested that some of their anatomical traits could be of importance to understanding root evolutionary development and angiosperm phylogeny. However, there is still a paucity of information on root structure and apical meristems (RAMs) in these lineages and especially the sister to all other Austrobaileyales, Austrobaileya scandens. We used microtome sections and bright field, epifluorescence, laser confocal, and scanning electron microscopy to study adventitious root RAMs and tissues of A. scandens. Our results indicate that root structure is relatively simple in A. scandens. The epidermis has a thick cuticle and lacks root hairs. The stele is typically diarch, or some modification thereof, and surrounded by a cortex differentiated into a uniseriate endodermis, a middle region sometimes packed with starch, some oil cells, and colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and a multiseriate exodermis. Secondary growth produced many vessel elements in the secondary xylem and scattered sclerenchymatous fibers in secondary phloem. The absence of distinct patterning within the RAM and between the RAM and derivative differentiating tissues shows that the RAM is open and characterized by common initials. Roots structure and anatomy of A. scandens are thus essentially similar to some previously described in Amborella or Illicium in the ANA grade and many magnoliids, and suggest that the first woody flowering plants likely had an open RAM with common initials. Their functional and evolutionary significance in woody early-diverging and basal lineages of flowering plants and gymnosperms remains unclear, but they are clearly ancestral traits

The Aerodynamic Loads On A Flat Plate Between Parallel Walls Due To Rotational Flow Disturbances

In the thesis the effects of rotational flow disturbances on a body placed in an inviscid, incompressible fluid stream and in particular the case of a flat plate situated midway between two parallel planes were studied. A single vortex approaching the flat plate was first considered and then expanded to simulate the effects of pseudo-turbulence on the flat plate.;The finite-element and finite-difference numerical methods were evaluated in the thesis and arguments were made in support of using the finite-difference approach rather than the finite-element approach. The fact that the finite-difference technique was used for the particular flow problems studied in the thesis does not detract from the usefulness of finite-element methods for other flow problems particularly when further research has been made on variational methods applied to the non-linear fluid flow equations.;Theory for a Rotational Channel Vortex was developed and used to provide the upstream boundary conditions to the solution for the unsteady flow over a semi-infinite and then a finite flat plate. Also, new techniques were introduced in the thesis to predict the internal and external boundary conditions. It was found during the study that several methods were available to predict the boundary conditions on the flat plate but it was shown to be most important to select the appropriate method to formulate the correct boundary conditions on a body immersed in an unsteady rotational flow. The use of pseudo-turbulence models to simulate the approaching flow was also considered and it was shown that the loading on the plate could be determined using this approach. For instance the results showed that it was possible to predict the instantaneous unsteady loads on the flat plate from a particular approaching pseudo-turbulence with a particular power spectral density of the velocity fluctuations

FULLY AUTOMATIC PALLET TRANSFER SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRIES

This project is a collaboration project with Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional Berhad (PROTON), by which the department involved is Press & Tool Engineering Department, also known as Stamping Department. This project is focused on the fully automatic press machine called H-Line. As fork lifters are unable to perform many tasks simultaneously, unfilled and fully filled pallets become a problem. This project is done on a basis to minimize the workforce on the production line and to maximize the production quality. The project will cover the research on pallet transfer system and followed by simulation using Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). At the initial stage, the push button will be the input command of the PLC. Once successful, Visual Basic will be designed as the controller material that will monitor the process on the hardware. The specialty of the GUI is the system does not have to be operated at the line but instead only operates the system on a computer. Sensors and motors will control movements of every part in the Pallet Transfer System. External circuits will be added to the system to ensure the correct timing and accuracy of the movements. Mechanical parts also come in handy in designing gearings, shaft, and the roller conveyor. The significance of the project is it will be the latest design of Pallet Transfer System not just in PROTON, but also in Malaysian local automotive industries. The Pallet Transfer also will be replaced in PROTON's entire fully automatic press machine with this new design to increase the pallets management efficiency in PROTON

Resident work hours: why keeping the status quo may not be such a bad thing

Resident duty hours have become an increasingly debated topic in post-graduate medical education. Work-hour restrictions have been implemented for first-year residents in the US and more recently for all residents in Quebec. Current and future work-hour rules affect a variety of stakeholders: government, hospitals, residency training programs, patients, and most of all residents. In this article, we hope to examine the issue from a Canadian perspective and delineate some of the reasons why changing the current call structure may have potentially deleterious effects to all those concerned

Design and Construction of the ferrocement Water Tanks

Ferrocement is proposed to construct of water tanks with high strength, crack resistance, high ductility, impact resistance and energy absorption suitable for rise buildings. This paper presents the results of an analytical study of proposed ferrocement water tanks. The cement sand matrix of the ferrocement composite was designed to achieve high compressive, tensile and flexural strengths for the produced ferrocement tanks. This was achieved by employing silica fume as replacement percentage of the cement content. The results of an experimental investigation of the effect of silica fume on the strength of the matix is also included. The complete analysis and design of twelve ferrocement water tanks with different capacities and their estimated costs are also included. The optimum limit of partial replacement of cement with silica fume was found to be 15%, which exhibited the highest increase in strength. The structural analysis and design of ferrocement water tanks were determined. The developed ferrocement tanks are four times cheaper compared with the other constructed tanks. The developed ferrocement tanks could be used successfully for the developed and developing countries alike