A model-based approach for supporting flexible automation production systems and an agent-based implementaction

158 p.En esta Tesis Doctoral se plantea una arquitectura de gestión genérica y personalizable, capaz de asegurar el cumplimiento de los requisitos de calidad de servicio (QoS) de un sistema de control industrial. Esta arquitectura permite la modificación de los mecanismos de detección y recuperación de los requisitos de QoS en función de diversos tipos de ésta. Como prueba de concepto, la arquitectura de gestión ha sido implementada mediante un middleware basado en sistemas multi-agente. Este middleware proporciona una serie de agentes distribuidos, los cuales se encargan de la monitorización y recuperación de las QoS en caso de su perdida.La incorporación de los mecanismos de reconfiguración incrementa la complejidad de los sistemas de control. Con el fin de facilitar el diseño de estos sistemas, se ha presentado un framework basado en modelos que guía y facilita el diseño de los sistemas de control reconfigurables. Este framework proporciona una serie de herramientas basadas en modelos que permiten la generación automática del código de control del sistema, así como de los mecanismos de monitorización y reconfiguración de los agentes del middleware.La implementación de la arquitectura ha sido validada mediante una serie de escenarios basados en una célula de montaje real

A model-based approach for supporting flexible automation production systems and an agent-based implementaction

158 p.En esta Tesis Doctoral se plantea una arquitectura de gestión genérica y personalizable, capaz de asegurar el cumplimiento de los requisitos de calidad de servicio (QoS) de un sistema de control industrial. Esta arquitectura permite la modificación de los mecanismos de detección y recuperación de los requisitos de QoS en función de diversos tipos de ésta. Como prueba de concepto, la arquitectura de gestión ha sido implementada mediante un middleware basado en sistemas multi-agente. Este middleware proporciona una serie de agentes distribuidos, los cuales se encargan de la monitorización y recuperación de las QoS en caso de su perdida.La incorporación de los mecanismos de reconfiguración incrementa la complejidad de los sistemas de control. Con el fin de facilitar el diseño de estos sistemas, se ha presentado un framework basado en modelos que guía y facilita el diseño de los sistemas de control reconfigurables. Este framework proporciona una serie de herramientas basadas en modelos que permiten la generación automática del código de control del sistema, así como de los mecanismos de monitorización y reconfiguración de los agentes del middleware.La implementación de la arquitectura ha sido validada mediante una serie de escenarios basados en una célula de montaje real

Engineering complex systems with multigroup agents

Doctor of PhilosophyComputing and Information SciencesScott A. DeLoachAs sensor prices drop and computing devices continue to become more compact and powerful, computing capabilities are being embedded throughout our physical environment. Connecting these devices in cyber-physical systems (CPS) enables applications with significant societal impact and economic benefit. However, engineering CPS poses modeling, architecture, and engineering challenges and, to fully realize the desired benefits, many outstanding challenges must be addressed. For the cyber parts of CPS, two decades of work in the design of autonomous agents and multiagent systems (MAS) offers design principles for distributed intelligent systems and formalizations for agent-oriented software engineering (AOSE). MAS foundations offer a natural fit for enabling distributed interacting devices. In some cases, complex control structures such as holarchies can be advantageous. These can motivate complex organizational strategies when implementing such systems with a MAS, and some designs may require agents to act in multiple groups simultaneously. Such agents must be able to manage their multiple associations and assignments in a consistent and unambiguous way. This thesis shows how designing agents as systems of intelligent subagents offers a reusable and practical approach to designing complex systems. It presents a set of flexible, reusable components developed for OBAA++, an organization-based architecture for single-group MAS, and shows how these components were used to develop the Adaptive Architecture for Systems of Intelligent Systems (AASIS) to enable multigroup agents suitable for complex, multigroup MAS. This work illustrates the reusability and flexibility of the approach by using AASIS to simulate a CPS for an intelligent power distribution system (IPDS) operating two multigroup MAS concurrently: one providing continuous voltage control and a second conducting discrete power auctions near sources of distributed generation

Automation Architecture based on Cyber Physical Systems for Flexible Manufacturing within Oil&Gas Industry

[ES] Es evidente que en los próximos años gran parte de las tecnologías recogidas bajo el marco de la denominada Industria 4.0 tendrá un profundo impacto en todas las empresas y entre ellas, en las relacionadas con la explotación y producción de petróleo y gas. La automatización de bajo coste promueve arquitecturas de referencia rentables y nuevos enfoques de desarrollo para aumentar la flexibilidad y la eficiencia de las operaciones de producción en una planta industrial. En este sentido, OPC UA, proporciona acceso local y remoto a la información de planta, facilitando un mecanismo reconocido de integración tanto horizontal como vertical de manera correcta, segura y eficiente. El objetivo principal de este artículo es presentar una arquitectura abierta para la integración vertical basada en sistemas ciber-físicos de producción, configurados bajo la norma IEC 61499 y usando OPC UA, apta para su utilización en la fabricación flexible en la industria de petróleo ygas.[EN] It is clear that in the next few years most of the technologies involved in the so-called Industry 4.0 will have a deep impact on manufacturing companies, including those related to Oil & Gas exploration and production. Low cost automation promotes reference architectures and development approaches aiming at increasing the flexibility and efficiency of production operations in industrial plants. In this sense, OPC UA, in addition to allowing companies to join the Industry 4.0 initiative, provides local and remote access to plant information, enabling a recognized mechanism for both, horizontal and vertical integration in a reliable, safe and efficient way. The contribution of this article is an open architecture for vertical integration based on cyber-physical production systems, configured under IEC 61499 and using OPC UA, suitable to achieve flexible manufacturing within Oil & Gas industry.Este trabajo ha sido financiado por el MINECO/FEDER, UE del Gobierno de España bajo el proyecto DPI2015-68602-R y por el Gobierno Vasco/EJ bajo el reconocimiento de grupo de investigación IT914-16. Así mismo como al Gobierno Ecuatoriano a través de la Beca SENESCYT “Convocatoria abierta 2013”.García, MV.; Irisarri, E.; Pérez, F.; Estévez, E.; Marcos, M. (2018). Arquitectura de Automatización basada en Sistemas Ciberfísicos para la Fabricación Flexible en la Industria de Petróleo y Gas. Revista Iberoamericana de Automática e Informática industrial. 15(2):156-166. https://doi.org/10.4995/riai.2017.8823OJS156166152DIAC, 2017. IEC 61499 Implementation for Distributed. 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In 2016 Second International Conference on Event-based Control, Communication, and Signal Processing (EBCCSP). IEEE, pp. 1-8. Available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7605263/.Rentschler, M., Trsek, H. & Durkop, L., 2016. OPC UA extension for IP auto-configuration in cyber-physical systems. In 2016 IEEE 14th International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN). IEEE, pp. 26-31. Available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7819128/.Sande, O., Fojcik, M. & Cupek, R., 2010. OPC UA Based Solutions for Integrated Operations. Communications in Computer and Information Science, 79, pp.76-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13861-4_8Schwab, C., Tangermann, M. & Ferrarini, L., 2005. Web based methodology for engineering and maintenance of distributed control systems: the TORERO approach. In INDIN '05. 2005 3rd IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics, 2005. IEEE, pp. 32-37. Available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1560348/. https://doi.org/10.1109/INDIN.2005.1560348Stambolov, G. & Batchkova, I., 2011. Reconfiguration processes in manufacturing systems on the base of IEC 61499 standard. In Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems. IEEE, pp. 161-166. Available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6072731/. https://doi.org/10.1109/IDAACS.2011.6072731Stojmenovic, I., 2014. Machine-to-Machine Communications with In-network Data Aggregation, Processing and Actuation for Large Scale Cyber-Physical Systems. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, PP(99), pp.1-1. Available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm? arnumber=6766661.Strasser, T. et al., 2011. Design and Execution Issues in IEC 61499 Distributed Automation and Control Systems. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews), 41(1), pp.41-51. Available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5571034/. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMCC.2010.2067210Strasser, T., Auinger, F. & Zoitl, A., 2004. Development, implementation and use of an IEC 61499 function block library for embedded closed loop control. In 2nd IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics, 2004. INDIN '04. 2004. IEEE, pp. 594-599. Available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1417415/. https://doi.org/10.1109/INDIN.2004.1417415Thramboulidis, K. & Tranoris, C., 2001. An architecture for the development of function block oriented engineering support systems. In Proceedings 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Robotics and Automation (Cat. No.01EX515). IEEE, pp. 536-542. Available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/ 1013258/https://doi.org/10.1109/CIRA.2001.1013258Vicaire, P.A. et al., 2012. Bundle : A Group-Based Programming Abstraction for Cyber-Physical Systems. , 8(2), pp.379-392.Vyatkin, V., Cheng Pang & Tripakis, S., 2015. Towards cyber-physical agnosticism by enhancing IEC 61499 with PTIDES model of computations. In IECON 2015 - 41st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. IEEE, pp. 001970-001975. Available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7392389/.Wang, L. et al., 2001. Realizing Holonic Control with Function Blocks. Integr. Comput.-Aided Eng., 8(1), pp.81-93. Available at: http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1275723.1275730.Wang, L., Keshavarzmanesh, S. & Feng, H.Y., 2008. Design of adaptive function blocks for dynamic assembly planning and control. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 27(1), pp.45-51. Available at:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2008.06.003Wang, L., Song, Y. & Gao, Q., 2009. Designing function blocks for distributed process planning and adaptive control. 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Multi-Agent Modelling of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems for IEC 61499 Based Distributed Intelligent Automation

Traditional industrial automation systems developed under IEC 61131-3 in centralized architectures are statically programmed with determined procedures to perform predefined tasks in structured environments. Major challenges are that these systems designed under traditional engineering techniques and running on legacy automation platforms are unable to automatically discover alternative solutions, flexibly coordinate reconfigurable modules, and actively deploy corresponding functions, to quickly respond to frequent changes and intelligently adapt to evolving requirements in dynamic environments. The core objective of this research is to explore the design of multi-layer automation architectures to enable real-time adaptation at the device level and run-time intelligence throughout the whole system under a well-integrated modelling framework. Central to this goal is the research on the integration of multi-agent modelling and IEC 61499 function block modelling to form a new automation infrastructure for industrial cyber-physical systems. Multi-agent modelling uses autonomous and cooperative agents to achieve run-time intelligence in system design and module reconfiguration. IEC 61499 function block modelling applies object-oriented and event-driven function blocks to realize real-time adaption of automation logic and control algorithms. In this thesis, the design focuses on a two-layer self-manageable architecture modelling: a) the high-level cyber module designed as multi-agent computing model consisting of Monitoring Agent, Analysis Agent, Self-Learning Agent, Planning Agent, Execution Agent, and Knowledge Agent; and b) the low-level physical module designed as agent-embedded IEC 61499 function block model with Self-Manageable Service Execution Agent, Self-Configuration Agent, Self-Healing Agent, Self-Optimization Agent, and Self-Protection Agent. The design results in a new computing module for high-level multi-agent based automation architectures and a new design pattern for low-level function block modelled control solutions. The architecture modelling framework is demonstrated through various tests on the multi-agent simulation model developed in the agent modelling environment NetLogo and the experimental testbed designed on the Jetson Nano and Raspberry Pi platforms. The performance evaluation of regular execution time and adaptation time in two typical conditions for systems designed under three different architectures are also analyzed. The results demonstrate the ability of the proposed architecture to respond to major challenges in Industry 4.0

Optimal distributed generation and load shedding scheme using artificial bee colony- hill climbing algorithm considering voltage stability and losses indices

Around the world, the demand is increasing due to industrial activity and advances in both developing and developed countries. This situation has pushed many power system operators to operate their system closer to the voltage stability limits. Increase in power consumption can cause serious problems in electric power systems, such as voltage instability, frequency instability, line overloading, and power system blackouts.Voltage stability index (VSI) is a tool for detecting voltage stability related problems. This work proposes an index of the line voltage stability limits based on Thevenin’s Theorem, which is referred to as the Maximum Line Stability Index (MLSI). The function of MLSI is to estimate the voltage stability condition and determine sensitive lines in power system. To increase voltage stability and improve other aspects of power quality, many power system operators are considering the idea of integrating distributed energy resources into the existing power system. Another part of this work focuses on enhancing the stability of the power system using distributed generator (DG). The proposed solution is based on the optimization method developed from a combination of the Artificial Bee Colony and Hill Climbing algorithms (ABC-HC) to give the optimal placement and sizing of DG units to be deployed in the system. Under severe contingency conditions, such as increase in demand and loss of transmission lines, frequently the problem cannot be solved by just using the DG, the possible solution is to consider load shedding as to reduce the congestion in order to maintain voltage stability in the system. To solve this problem, an optimal load shedding approach, integrated with optimal DG sizing is proposed using the ABC-HC algorithm. This technique can find the load location to be shed, as well as the size of DG. The performance and effectiveness of each proposed solution was tested on IEEE test systems. The simulation results showed that the MLSI index has strong sensitivity to detect the overloaded line in the system and as reliable as other voltage stability indices. Meanwhile, the proposed ABC-HC optimization technique shows its ability to identify the bus location and the optimal active energy injection from the DG with a substantial power loss reduction. Finally, under severe contingency condition, the optimization of DGs and load shedding shows the system able to maintain its voltage stability

Distributed Power Generation Scheduling, Modelling and Expansion Planning

Distributed generation is becoming more important in electrical power systems due to the decentralization of energy production. Within this new paradigm, new approaches for the operation and planning of distributed power generation are yet to be explored. This book deals with distributed energy resources, such as renewable-based distributed generators and energy storage units, among others, considering their operation, scheduling, and planning. Moreover, other interesting aspects such as demand response, electric vehicles, aggregators, and microgrid are also analyzed. All these aspects constitute a new paradigm that is explored in this Special Issue

DECISION SUPPORT MODEL IN FAILURE-BASED COMPUTERIZED MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM INDUSTRIES

Maintenance decision support system is crucial to ensure maintainability and reliability of equipments in production lines. This thesis investigates a few decision support models to aid maintenance management activities in small and medium industries. In order to improve the reliability of resources in production lines, this study introduces a conceptual framework to be used in failure-based maintenance. Maintenance strategies are identified using the Decision-Making Grid model, based on two important factors, including the machines’ downtimes and their frequency of failures. The machines are categorized into three downtime criterions and frequency of failures, which are high, medium and low. This research derived a formula based on maintenance cost, to re-position the machines prior to Decision-Making Grid analysis. Subsequently, the formula on clustering analysis in the Decision-Making Grid model is improved to solve multiple-criteria problem. This research work also introduced a formula to estimate contractor’s response and repair time. The estimates are used as input parameters in the Analytical Hierarchy Process model. The decisions were synthesized using models based on the contractors’ technical skills such as experience in maintenance, skill to diagnose machines and ability to take prompt action during troubleshooting activities. Another important criteria considered in the Analytical Hierarchy Process is the business principles of the contractors, which includes the maintenance quality, tools, equipments and enthusiasm in problem-solving. The raw data collected through observation, interviews and surveys in the case studies to understand some risk factors in small and medium food processing industries. The risk factors are analysed with the Ishikawa Fishbone diagram to reveal delay time in machinery maintenance. The experimental studies are conducted using maintenance records in food processing industries. The Decision Making Grid model can detect the top ten worst production machines on the production lines. The Analytical Hierarchy Process model is used to rank the contractors and their best maintenance practice. This research recommends displaying the results on the production’s indicator boards and implements the strategies on the production shop floor. The proposed models can be used by decision makers to identify maintenance strategies and enhance competitiveness among contractors in failure-based maintenance. The models can be programmed as decision support sub-procedures in computerized maintenance management systems