Gadolinium-based nanoparticles for theranostic MRI-radiosensitization

International audienceA rapid development of gadolinium-based nanoparticles is observed due to their attractive properties as MRI-positive contrast agents. Indeed, they display high relaxivity, adapted biodistribution and passive uptake in the tumor thanks to enhanced permeability and retention effect. In addition to these imaging properties, it has been recently shown that they can act as effective radiosensitizers under different types of irradiation (radiotherapy, neutron therapy or hadron therapy). These new therapeutic modalities pave the way to therapy guided by imaging and to personalized medicine

Mathematical modeling of the metastatic process

Mathematical modeling in cancer has been growing in popularity and impact since its inception in 1932. The first theoretical mathematical modeling in cancer research was focused on understanding tumor growth laws and has grown to include the competition between healthy and normal tissue, carcinogenesis, therapy and metastasis. It is the latter topic, metastasis, on which we will focus this short review, specifically discussing various computational and mathematical models of different portions of the metastatic process, including: the emergence of the metastatic phenotype, the timing and size distribution of metastases, the factors that influence the dormancy of micrometastases and patterns of spread from a given primary tumor.Comment: 24 pages, 6 figures, Revie

Ruthenacarborane and Quinoline: A Promising Combination for the Treatment of Brain Tumors

Gliomas and glioblastomas are very aggressive forms of brain tumors, prone to the development of a multitude of resistance mechanisms to therapeutic treatments, including cytoprotective autophagy. In this work, we investigated the role and mechanism of action of the combination of a ruthenacarborane derivative with 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ), linked via an ester bond (complex 2), in rat astrocytoma C6 and human glioma U251 cells, in comparison with the two compounds alone, i.e., the free carboxylic acid (complex 1) and 8-HQ, and their non-covalent combination ([1 + 8-HQ], in 1:1 molar ratio). We found that only complex 2 was able to significantly affect cellular viability in glioma U251 cells (IC50 11.4 μM) via inhibition of the autophagic machinery, most likely acting at the early stages of the autophagic cascade. Contrary to 8-HQ alone, complex 2 was also able to impair cellular viability under conditions of glucose deprivation. We thus suggest different mechanisms of action of ruthenacarborane complex 2 than purely organic quinoline-based drugs, making complex 2 a very attractive candidate for evading the known resistances of brain tumors to chloroquine-based therapies

Development of lentiviral vectors to study the influence of angiogenic molecules on glioma growth

Les glioblastomes sont des tumeurs du système nerveux central hautement létaux. Ils se caractérisent par leur grande infiltration dans les tissus avoisinants. Ils modifient les vaisseaux sanguins préexistants et ils migrent d’une façon perivasculaire. Cette cooption vasculaire est un processus entraînant l’expression d’Angiopoietine-2 (Angpt2) par des cellules endothéliales et sa liaison au récepteur Tie2. Le premier objectif de cette étude était d’examiner le potentiel thérapeutique de deux protéines qui pourraient interférer avec Angpt2, à savoir Angpt3 et la partie soluble extracellulaire du récepteur Tie2 (sTie2). Le deuxième objectif était de développer des vecteurs lentiviraux capables d’exprimer ces protéines, tout en offrant la possibilité d’identifier et détruire les cellules génétiquement modifiées. À cette fin, nous avons construit un vecteur contenant une cassette bicistronique qui exprime le marqueur amélioré de la protéine fluorescente verte (EGFP) fusionnée au gène suicide provenant du virus herpès simplex de type I-thymidine kinase (HSVtk). Les cellules du gliome GL261 transduites avec ce vecteur pourraient être suivies et tuées sur demande par l’administration de la prodrogue ganciclovir, soit in vitro, soit après l'implantation dans le cerveau des souris. Malgré l’expression des hauts niveaux d’Angpt3 et de sTie2 obtenus avec ce vecteur, nous avons observé qu’Angpt3 augmente la déstabilisation capillaire et la croissance de gliomes, alors que sTie2 n’exerce aucun effet. Globalement, cette étude a permis de comprendre l’importance de la voie de signalisation de Tie2 dans le développement des gliomes et le rôle d’Angpt3, mais suggère que ni cette molécule ni sTie2 soient des agents efficaces contre les gliomes malins. Cette étude fournit également le prototype d’un vecteur lentiviral pour la thérapie génique plus sécuritaire.Glioblastomas are highly lethal tumors of the central nervous system characterized by large spread into the surrounding tissues. They modify and migrate along pre-existing blood vessels. This vascular cooption is a process involving the release of angiopoietin-2 (Angpt2) from endothelial cells and binding to the Tie2 receptor. The first goal of this study was to examine the therapeutic potential of two proteins that could interfere with Angpt2, namely Angpt3 and the soluble extracellular domain of Tie2 (sTie2). The second goal was to develop a lentiviral vector capable of delivering such proteins while offering the possibility to identify and destroy the genetically modified cells. To this end, we designed a bicistronic construct expressing the marker enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fused to the suicide gene herpes simplex virus 1-thymidine kinase (HSVtk). GL261 glioma cells transduced with this vector could be tracked and killed on command by the administration of the prodrug ganciclovir, either in vitro or after implantation into mouse brains. High levels of Angpt3 or sTie2 could be achieved with this vector; however, Angpt3 increased capillary destabilization and glioma growth, whereas sTie2 exerted no effect. Overall, this study helps to understand the importance of the Tie2 signaling pathway in glioma development and the role of Angpt3, but suggests that neither this molecule nor sTie2 are effective agents against malignant gliomas. This study also provides a lentiviral vector design for safer gene therapy

Intranasal Administration of Catechol-Based Pt(IV) Coordination Polymer Nanoparticles for Glioblastoma Therapy

Cisplatin has been described as a potent anticancer agent for decades. However, in the case of glioblastomas, it is only considered a rescue treatment applied after the failure of second-line treatments. Herein, based on the versatility offered by coordination chemistry, we engineered nanoparticles by reaction of a platinum (IV) prodrug and iron metal ions showing in vitro dual pH- and redox-sensitivity, controlled release and comparable cytotoxicity to cisplatin against HeLa and GL261 cells. In vivo intranasal administration in orthotopic preclinical GL261 glioblastoma tumor-bearing mice demonstrated increased accumulation of platinum in tumors, leading in some cases to complete cure and prolonged survival of the tested cohort. This was corroborated by a magnetic resonance imaging follow-up, thus opening new opportunities for intranasal glioblastoma therapies while minimizing side effects. The findings derived from this research showed the potentiality of this approach as a novel therapy for glioblastoma treatment

Current Trends in Cancer Nanotheranostics: Metallic, Polymeric, and Lipid-Based Systems

Theranostics has emerged in recent years to provide an efficient and safer alternative in cancer management. This review presents an updated description of nanotheranostic formulations under development for skin cancer (including melanoma), head and neck, thyroid, breast, gynecologic, prostate, and colon cancers, brain-related cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma. With this focus, we appraised the clinical advantages and drawbacks of metallic, polymeric, and lipid-based nanosystems, such as low invasiveness, low toxicity to the surrounding healthy tissues, high precision, deeper tissue penetration, and dosage adjustment in a real-time setting. Particularly recognizing the increased complexity and multimodality in this area, multifunctional hybrid nanoparticles, comprising different nanomaterials and functionalized with targeting moieties and/or anticancer drugs, present the best characteristics for theranostics. Several examples, focusing on their design, composition, imaging and treatment modalities, and in vitro and in vivo characterization, are detailed herein. Briefly, all studies followed a common trend in the design of these theranostics modalities, such as the use of materials and/or drugs that share both inherent imaging (e.g., contrast agents) and therapeutic properties (e.g., heating or production reactive oxygen species). This rationale allows one to apparently overcome the heterogeneity, complexity, and harsh conditions of tumor microenvironments, leading to the development of successful targeted therapies.The authors acknowledge Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) for financial support through Projects UID/DTP/04138/2013, PTDC/MED-QUI/31721/2017 and for financial support through PhD fellowship SFRH/BD/117586/2016.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

New Boron Delivery Agents

This proceeding article compiles current research on the development of boron delivery drugs for boron neutron capture therapy that was presented and discussed at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Workshop on Neutron Capture Therapy that took place on April 20-22, 2022. The most used boron sources are icosahedral boron clusters attached to peptides, proteins (such as albumin), porphyrin derivatives, dendrimers, polymers, and nanoparticles, or encapsulated into liposomes. These boron clusters and/or carriers can be labeled with contrast agents allowing for the use of imaging techniques, such as PET, SPECT, and fluorescence, that enable quantification of tumor-localized boron and their use as theranostic agents.C.V. thanks the Spanish Ministerio de Economiay Competitividad (PID2019-106832RB-100) and the Generalitat de Catalunya (2017SGR1720). H.N. received a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (No. 21H02066) from MEXT, Japan. M.G.H.V. thanks the National Institutes of Health grant number T34 GM136452. R.P. thanks the National Institutes of Health, grant number R21 CA259911 and the Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars Sinai MedicalCenter, Los Angeles.With funding from the Spanish government through the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000917-S).Peer reviewe

A First-Generation Multi-Functional Cytokine for Simultaneous Optical Tracking and Tumor Therapy

Creating new molecules that simultaneously enhance tumor cell killing and permit diagnostic tracking is vital to overcoming the limitations rendering current therapeutic regimens for terminal cancers ineffective. Accordingly, we investigated the efficacy of an innovative new multi-functional targeted anti-cancer molecule, SM7L, using models of the lethal brain tumor Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Designed using predictive computer modeling, SM7L incorporates the therapeutic activity of the promising anti-tumor cytokine MDA-7/IL-24, an enhanced secretory domain, and diagnostic domain for non-invasive tracking. In vitro assays revealed the diagnostic domain of SM7L produced robust photon emission, while the therapeutic domain showed marked anti-tumor efficacy and significant modulation of p38MAPK and ERK pathways. In vivo, the unique multi-functional nature of SM7L allowed simultaneous real-time monitoring of both SM7L delivery and anti-tumor efficacy. Utilizing engineered stem cells as novel delivery vehicles for SM7L therapy (SC-SM7L), we demonstrate that SC-SM7L significantly improved pharmacokinetics and attenuated progression of established peripheral and intracranial human GBM xenografts. Furthermore, SC-SM7L anti-tumor efficacy was augmented in vitro and in vivo by concurrent activation of caspase-mediated apoptosis induced by adjuvant SC-mediated S-TRAIL delivery. Collectively, these studies define a promising new approach to treating highly aggressive cancers, including GBM, using the optimized therapeutic molecule SM7L

Complete clinical responses to cancer therapy caused by multiple divergent approaches: a repeating theme lost in translation

Over 50 years of cancer therapy history reveals complete clinical responses (CRs) from remarkably divergent forms of therapies (eg, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, vaccines, autologous cell transfers, cytokines, monoclonal antibodies) for advanced solid malignancies occur with an approximately similar frequency of 5%–10%. This has remained frustratingly almost static. However, CRs usually underpin strong durable 5-year patient survival. How can this apparent paradox be explained? Over some 20 years, realization that (1) chronic inflammation is intricately associated with cancer, and (2) the immune system is delicately balanced between responsiveness and tolerance of cancer, provides a greatly significant insight into ways cancer might be more effectively treated. In this review, divergent aspects from the largely segmented literature and recent conferences are drawn together to provide observations revealing some emerging reasoning, in terms of “final common pathways” of cancer cell damage, immune stimulation, and auto-vaccination events, ultimately leading to cancer cell destruction. Created from this is a unifying overarching concept to explain why multiple approaches to cancer therapy can provide complete responses at almost equivalent rates. This “missing” aspect provides a reasoned explanation for what has, and is being, increasingly reported in the mainstream literature – that inflammatory and immune responses appear intricately associated with, if not causative of, complete responses induced by divergent forms of cancer therapy. Curiously, whether by chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, or other means, therapy-induced cell injury results, leaving inflammation and immune system stimulation as a final common denominator across all of these mechanisms of cancer therapy. This aspect has been somewhat obscured and has been “lost in translation” to date

Translation of the ecological trap concept to glioma therapy: the cancer cell trap concept: The cancer cell trap concept.

International audienceViewing tumors as ecosystems offers the opportunity to consider how ecological concepts can be translated to novel therapeutic perspectives. The ecological trap concept emerged approximately half a century ago when it was observed that animals can prefer an environment of low quality for survival over other available environments of higher quality. The presence of such a trap can drive a local population to extinction. The cancer cell trap concept is the translation of the ecological trap into glioma therapy. It exploits and diverts the invasive potential of glioma cells by guiding their migration towards specific locations where a local therapy can be delivered efficiently. This illustrates how an ecological concept can change therapeutic obstacles into therapeutic tools