538 research outputs found
Microgrids:experiences, barriers and success factors
Although microgrids have been researched for over a decade and recognized for their multitude of benefits to improve power reliability, security, sustainability, and decrease power costs for the consumer, they have still not reached rapid commercial growth. The main aim of this research is to identify the common barriers and ultimate success factors to implementing a microgrid in the real world. We found that microgrids vary significantly depending on location, components, and optimization goals, which cause them to experience different types of challenges and barriers. However, the most common barriers were identified and grouped into four categories: technical, regulatory, financial, and stakeholder, based on the literature and overlying patterns recognized amongst the thirteen case studies. The most common technical barriers include problems with technology components, dual-mode switching from grid-connected to island mode, power quality and control, and protection issues. There is extensive research on how to overcome these issues, so technical solutions are becoming available yet case specific. Regulatory barriers exist due to interconnection rules with the main grid and the prohibition of bi-directional power flow and local power trading between microgrid and the main network. The latter issue is the barrier experienced most often and has only recently been addressed, so solutions need further research. The main financial barrier is still the burden of high investment and replacement costs of the microgrid. This can be resolved with proper market support in the short term and might naturally resolve itself through learning over the long run. Lastly, stakeholder barriers include issues with conflicting self-interest and trust, and having the expertise to manage operations. These stakeholder barriers are not yet addressed in the literature and need to be further researched
Developing Wind Power in Finland : ABB's approach from the grid connection perspective
This thesis was done for ABB OY. It is a snapshot of the Finnish wind power market in 2014. The market is blooming, and the wind power developers are aiming to get the planned wind power parks connected to the national grid in short order. The scope of this thesis includes the electrical balance of the plant (EBoP), but excludes the turbine itself.
The goal was to understand the techno-economic process of the developer in order to achieve optimal grid connection design and to be of better service to the customers. Several wind power professionals were interviewed to gather the study material, and the recurring themes were highlighted for discussion. The premise was that there are âblind spotsâ in the co-operation with ABB and the customer that need to be acknowledged. When the developerâs business environment is mapped out, suggestions can be made to further improve the ABB practices.
Many of the services desired by customers already exist in the ABB portfolio, but unifying the extensive offering seems laborious. A complete wind service concept was created to offer insight on how to start improving the approach to the wind power industry in Finland.
Productised service packages with standardized ABB Wind Products and designated ABB Wind personnel are in the core of this concept. More effort needs to be put to drive these changes as the growing market is demanding for more comprehensive service through the entire life cycle of the wind power park.TÀmÀn insinöörityön toimeksiantajana toimi ABB OY ja se on tilannekatsaus Suomen tuuli-voimamarkkinoihin vuonna 2014. Markkina kasvaa Suomessa ja tuulivoiman hankekehittÀ-jÀt pyrkivÀt liittÀmÀÀn tuulipuistojaan kansalliseen sÀhköverkkoon kiihtyvÀllÀ tahdilla. TÀmÀ työ koskee ainoastaan voimalan verkkoliitÀntÀÀ, eikÀ työssÀ kÀsitellÀ itse tuuliturbiineita.
Työn tavoite oli ymmÀrtÀÀ hankekehittÀjÀn teknis-taloudellista prosessia syvemmin. TÀmÀ mahdollistaisi verkkoliitÀnnÀn suunnittelun optimoinnin sekÀ paremman palvelun tarjoamisen asiakkaille. Materiaali kerÀttiin haastattelemalla useita tuulivoima-alan ammattilaisia, jonka jÀlkeen haastatteluissa toistuvia teemoja nostettiin esiin. LÀhtökohta työlle oli, ettÀ asiakkaan ja ABB:n vÀlisissÀ yhteyksissÀ olisi kehitettÀvÀÀ. ABB:n lÀhestymistapaa voitiin kÀsitellÀ tarkemmin, kun hankekehittÀjÀn liiketoimintaympÀristöÀ oli ensin kartoitettu.
Työ osoitti, ettÀ monet asiakkaiden toivomista palveluista löytyvÀt jo ABB:n portfoliosta. Tarjonnan yhtenÀistÀminen on kuitenkin työlÀstÀ. YhtenÀ työn tuloksista syntyi kattava tuu-livoiman palvelukonsepti. Konsepti tarjoaa ehdotuksia siitÀ, kuinka ABB voisi kehittÀÀ toi-mintaansa palvellessaan tuulivoima-asiakkaita Suomessa.
Tuotteistetut palvelupaketit standardoiduilla ABB:n tuulivoimatuotteilla sekÀ nimetyt tuulivoima-asiakkaiden kontaktihenkilöt ovat konseptin ytimessÀ. LisÀÀ työtÀ on tehtÀvÀ, jotta muutoksia toimintatapoihin saadaan ajettua lÀpi. Kasvava liiketoimintaympÀristö ja tuulivoiman hankekehittÀjÀt vaativat laajempia ratkaisuja koko tuulivoimapuiston elinkaaren ajalle
Power quality and electromagnetic compatibility: special report, session 2
The scope of Session 2 (S2) has been defined as follows by the Session Advisory Group and the Technical Committee: Power Quality (PQ), with the more general concept of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and with some related safety problems in electricity distribution systems.
Special focus is put on voltage continuity (supply reliability, problem of outages) and voltage quality (voltage level, flicker, unbalance, harmonics). This session will also look at electromagnetic compatibility (mains frequency to 150 kHz), electromagnetic interferences and electric and magnetic fields issues. Also addressed in this session are electrical safety and immunity concerns (lightning issues, step, touch and transferred voltages).
The aim of this special report is to present a synthesis of the present concerns in PQ&EMC, based on all selected papers of session 2 and related papers from other sessions, (152 papers in total). The report is divided in the following 4 blocks:
Block 1: Electric and Magnetic Fields, EMC, Earthing systems
Block 2: Harmonics
Block 3: Voltage Variation
Block 4: Power Quality Monitoring
Two Round Tables will be organised:
- Power quality and EMC in the Future Grid (CIGRE/CIRED WG C4.24, RT 13)
- Reliability Benchmarking - why we should do it? What should be done in future? (RT 15
International Conference on Energy
UBT Annual International Conference is the 11th international interdisciplinary peer reviewed conference which publishes works of the scientists as well as practitioners in the area where UBT is active in Education, Research and Development. The UBT aims to implement an integrated strategy to establish itself as an internationally competitive, research-intensive university, committed to the transfer of knowledge and the provision of a world-class education to the most talented students from all background. The main perspective of the conference is to connect the scientists and practitioners from different disciplines in the same place and make them be aware of the recent advancements in different research fields, and provide them with a unique forum to share their experiences. It is also the place to support the new academic staff for doing research and publish their work in international standard level.
This conference consists of sub conferences in different fields like:
Art and Digital Media Agriculture, Food Science and Technology Architecture and Spatial Planning Civil Engineering, Infrastructure and Environment Computer Science and Communication Engineering Dental Sciences Education and Development Energy Efficiency Engineering Integrated Design Information Systems and Security Journalism, Media and Communication Law Language and Culture Management, Business and Economics Modern Music, Digital Production and Management Medicine and Nursing Mechatronics, System Engineering and Robotics Pharmaceutical and Natural Sciences Political Science Psychology Sport, Health and Society Security Studies
This conference is the major scientific event of the UBT. It is organizing annually and always in cooperation with the partner universities from the region and Europe. We have to thank all Authors, partners, sponsors and also the conference organizing team making this event a real international scientific event.
Edmond Hajrizi, President of UBT UBT â Higher Education Institutio
Use of advanced analytics for health estimation and failure prediction in wind turbines
Tesi en modalitat de tesi per compendiThe energy sector has undergone drastic changes and critical revolutions in the last few decades.
Renewable energy sources have grown significantly, now representing a sizeable share of the energy production mix. Wind energy has seen increasing rate of adoptions, being one of the more convenient and sustainable mean of producing energy. Research and innovation have helped greatly in driving down production and operation costs of wind energy, yet important challenges still remain open. This thesis addresses predictive maintenance and monitoring of wind turbines, aiming to present predictive frameworks designed with the necessities of the industry in mind.
More concretely: interpretability, scalability, modularity and reliability of the predictions are
the objectives âtogether with limited data requirementsâ of this project. Of all the available data at the disposal of wind turbine operators, SCADA is the principal source of information utilized in this research, due to its wide availability and low cost. Ensemble models played an important role in the development of the presented predictive frameworks thanks to their modular nature which allows to combine very diverse algorithms and data types. Important insights gained from these experiments are the beneficial effect of combining multiple and diverse sources of data âfor example SCADA and alarms logsâ, the easiness of combining different algorithms and indicators, and the noticeable gain in predicting performance that it can provide. Finally, given the
central role that SCADA data plays in this thesis, but also in the wind energy industry, a detailed
analysis of the limitations and shortcomings of SCADA data is presented. In particular, the ef-
fect of data aggregation âa common practice in the wind industryâ is determined developing a
methodological framework that has been used to study highâfrequency SCADA data. This lead
to the conclusion that typical aggregation periods, i.e. 5â10 minutes that are the standard in wind
energy industry are not able to capture and maintain the information content of fastâchanging
signals, such as wind and electrical measurements.El sector energĂštic ha experimentat importants canvis i revolucions en les Ășltimes dĂšcades. Les fonts dâenergia renovables han crescut significativament, i ara representen una part important en el conjunt de generaciĂł. Lâenergia eĂČlica ha augmentat significativament, convertint-se en una de les millors alternatives per produir energia verda. La recerca i la innovaciĂł ha ajudat a reduir considerablement els costos de producciĂł i operaciĂł de lâenergia eĂČlica, perĂČ encara hi ha oberts reptes importants. Aquesta tesi aborda el manteniment predictiu i el seguiment dâaerogeneradors, amb lâobjectiu de presentar solucions dâalgoritmes de predicciĂł dissenyats tenint en compte les necessitats de la indĂșstria. MĂ©s concretament conceptes com, la interpretabilitat, escalabilitat, modularitat i fiabilitat de les prediccions ho sĂłn els objectius, juntament amb els requisits limitats per les de dades disponibles dâaquest projecte. De totes les dades disponibles a disposiciĂł dels operadors dâaerogeneradors, les dades del sistema SCADA sĂłn la principal font dâinformaciĂł utilitzada en aquest projecte, per la seva Ă mplia disponibilitat i baix cost. En el present treball, els models de conjunt tenen un paper important en el desenvolupament dels marcs predictius presentats grĂ cies al seu carĂ cter modular que permet lâĂșs dâalgoritmes i tipus de dades molt diversos. Resultats importants obtinguts dâaquests experiments sĂłn lâefecte beneficiĂłs de combinar mĂșltiples i diverses fonts de dades, per exemple, SCADA i dades dâalarmes, la facilitat de combinar diferents algorismes i indicadors i el notable guany en predir el rendiment que es pot oferir. Finalment, donat el paper central que SCADA lâanĂ lisi de dades juga en aquesta tesi, perĂČ tambĂ© en la indĂșstria de lâenergia eĂČlica, una anĂ lisi detallada de la es presenten les limitacions i les mancances de les dades SCADA. En particular es va estudiar lâefecte de lâagregaciĂł de dades -una prĂ ctica habitual en la indĂșstria eĂČlica-. Dins dâaquest treball es proposa un marc metodolĂČgic que sâha utilitzat per estudiar dades SCADA dâalta freqĂŒĂšncia. AixĂČ va portar a la conclusiĂł que els perĂodes dâagregaciĂł tĂpics, de 5 a 10 minuts que sĂłn lâestĂ ndard a la indĂșstria de lâenergia eĂČlica, no sĂłn capaços de capturar i mantenir el contingut dâinformaciĂł de senyals que canvien rĂ pidament, com ara mesures eĂČliques i elĂšctriquesPostprint (published version
Renewable Energy
Renewable Energy is energy generated from natural resourcesâ-âsuch as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heatâ-âwhich are naturally replenished. In 2008, about 18% of global final energy consumption came from renewables, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, such as wood burning. Hydroelectricity was the next largest renewable source, providing 3% (15% of global electricity generation), followed by solar hot water/heating, which contributed with 1.3%. Modern technologies, such as geothermal energy, wind power, solar power, and ocean energy together provided some 0.8% of final energy consumption. The book provides a forum for dissemination and exchange of upâ-âtoâ-âdate scientific information on theoretical, generic and applied areas of knowledge. The topics deal with new devices and circuits for energy systems, photovoltaic and solar thermal, wind energy systems, tidal and wave energy, fuel cell systems, bio energy and geo-energy, sustainable energy resources and systems, energy storage systems, energy market management and economics, off-grid isolated energy systems, energy in transportation systems, energy resources for portable electronics, intelligent energy power transmission, distribution and interâ-âconnectors, energy efficient utilization, environmental issues, energy harvesting, nanotechnology in energy, policy issues on renewable energy, building design, power electronics in energy conversion, new materials for energy resources, and RF and magnetic field energy devices
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A pattern-based framework for the design of secure and dependable SDN/NFV-enabled networks
As the world becomes an interconnected network where objects and humans interact, cyber and physical networks appear to play an important role in smart ecosystems due to their increasing use on critical infrastructure and smart cities. Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualisation (NFV) are a promising combination for programmable connectivity, rapid service provisioning and service chaining as they offer the necessary end-to-end optimisations. However, with the actual exponential growth of connected devices, future networks, such as SDN and NFV, require open architectures, facilitated by standards and a strong ecosystem.In this thesis, a model-based approach is proposed to support the design and verification of secure and dependable SDN/NFV-enabled networks. The model is based on the development of a pattern-based approach to design executable patterns as solutions for reusable designs and interactions of objects, encoded in a rule based reasoning system, able to guarantee security and dependability (S&D) properties in SDN/NFV enabled networks. To execute S&D patterns, a pattern based framework is implemented for the insertion of patterns at design and at runtime level. The developed pattern framework highlights also the benefit of leveraging the flexibility of SDN/NFV-enabled networks to deploy enhanced reactive security mechanisms for the protection of the industrial network via the use of service function chaining (SFC). To prove the importance of this approach and the functionality of the pattern framework, different pattern instances are implemented to guarantee S&D in network infrastructures. The developed design patterns are able to design network topologies, guarantee network properties and offer security service provisioning and chaining. Finally, in order to evaluate the developed patterns in the pattern framework, three different use cases are described, where a number of usage scenarios are deployed and evaluated experimentally
Holistic Physics-of-Failure Approach to Wind Turbine Power Converter Reliability
As the cost of wind energy becomes of increasing importance to the global surge of clean and green energy sources, the reliability-critical power converter is a target for vast improvements in availability through dedicated research. To this end, this thesis concentrates on providing a new holistic approach to converter reliability research to facilitate reliability increasing, cost reducing innovations unique to the wind industry. This holistic approach combines both computational and physical experimentation to provide a test bench for detailed reliability analysis of the converter power modules under the unique operating conditions of the wind turbine.
The computational models include a detailed permanent magnet synchronous generator wind turbine with a power loss and thermal model representing the machine side converter power module response to varying wind turbine conditions. The supporting experimental test rig consists of an inexpensive, precise and extremely fast temperature measurement approach using a PbSe photoconductive infra-red sensor unique in the wind turbine reliability literature. This is used to measure spot temperatures
on a modified power module to determine the junction temperature swings experienced during current cycling.
A number of key conclusions have been made from this holistic approach.
-Physics-of-failure analysis (and indeed any wind turbine power converter based reliability analysis) requires realistic wind speed data as the temporal changes
in wind speed have a significant impact on the thermal loading on the devices.
-The use of drive train modelling showed that the current throughput of the power converter is decoupled from the incoming wind speed due to drive train dynamics and control. Therefore, the power converter loading cannot be directly derived from the wind speed input without this modelling.
-The minimum wind speed data frequency required for sufficiently accurate temperature profiles was determined, and the use of SCADA data for physics-of failure reliability studies was subsequently shown to be entirely inadequate.
-The experimental emulation of the power converter validated a number of the aspects of the simulation work including the increase in temperature with wind speed and the detectability of temperature variations due to the current's fundamental frequency.
Most importantly, this holistic approach provides an ideal test bench for optimising power converter designs for wind turbine, or for other industries with stochastic
loading, conditions whilst maintaining or exceeding present reliability levels to reduce wind turbine's cost of energy, and therefore, society
Electrical Components for Marine Renewable Energy Arrays: A Techno-Economic Review
This paper presents a review of the main electrical components that are expected to be present in marine renewable energy arrays. The review is put in context by appraising the current needs of the industry and identifying the key components required in both device and array-scale developments. For each component, electrical, mechanical and cost considerations are discussed; with quantitative data collected during the review made freely available for use by the community via an open access online repository. This data collection updates previous research and addresses gaps specific to emerging offshore technologies, such as marine and floating wind, and provides a comprehensive resource for the techno-economic assessment of offshore energy arrays
Maintenance Management of Wind Turbines
âMaintenance Management of Wind Turbinesâ considers the main concepts and the state-of-the-art, as well as advances and case studies on this topic. Maintenance is a critical variable in industry in order to reach competitiveness. It is the most important variable, together with operations, in the wind energy industry. Therefore, the correct management of corrective, predictive and preventive politics in any wind turbine is required. The content also considers original research works that focus on content that is complementary to other sub-disciplines, such as economics, finance, marketing, decision and risk analysis, engineering, etc., in the maintenance management of wind turbines. This book focuses on real case studies. These case studies concern topics such as failure detection and diagnosis, fault trees and subdisciplines (e.g., FMECA, FMEA, etc.) Most of them link these topics with financial, schedule, resources, downtimes, etc., in order to increase productivity, profitability, maintainability, reliability, safety, availability, and reduce costs and downtime, etc., in a wind turbine. Advances in mathematics, models, computational techniques, dynamic analysis, etc., are employed in analytics in maintenance management in this book. Finally, the book considers computational techniques, dynamic analysis, probabilistic methods, and mathematical optimization techniques that are expertly blended to support the analysis of multi-criteria decision-making problems with defined constraints and requirements
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