Industrial Policy and Artisan Firms in Italy 1945-1971

This paper shows that from the end of WW2 to the establishment of the regional governments in the early 1970s the Italian state carried out an artisanship policy (that is, for the smallest firms) of an extent that was unparalleled in Europe. This policy was based on the provision, on the one hand, of lower tax and employers' contributions and welfare benefits at reduced premiums and, on the other hand, of 'substitutive factors': soft loans, services and promotional initiatives by state agencies. Such an artisan policy played a twofold role: partly 'defensive', protecting a segment of marginal firms, and partly 'proactive', prompting modernisation and innovation of more promising firms. The latter were clustered especially in the industrial district of the centre and north-easte of the country, whose development turned out to be boosted to a significant extent by state intervention.Italy; Industrial districts; Artisanship policy

The hub continent? Immigrant networks, emigrant diasporas and FDI

This paper studies the effects of immigrant networks on the bilateral FDI of France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK, and, for Italy and Spain, also of the emigrant diasporas. It analyses the effects of skilled and unskilled immigrants and of networks linked to developing and developed countries. Results show that the FDIs of the UK, Germany and France are affected by the networks of skilled immigrants, while those of Italy and Spain are prompted only by the emigrant diasporas. Networks linked to OECD and non-OECD countries have similar effectsmigration, networks, skills, diasporas, FDI

Industrial Policy and Artisan Firms in Italy, 1945-1981

This paper shows that after the Second World War the Italian state carried out an artisanship policy (that is, for the smallest firms) of an extent that was unparalleled in Europe. This policy was based on the provision, on the one hand, of lower tax and employers' contributions and welfare benefits at reduced premiums and, on the other hand, of 'substitutive factors': soft loans, services and promotional initiatives by state agencies. Such an artisan policy played a twofold role: partly 'defensive', protecting a segment of marginal firms, and partly 'proactive', prompting modernisation and innovation of more promising firms. The latter were clustered especially in the industrial district of the centre and north-easte of the country, whose development turned out to be boosted to a significant extent by state intervention.Italy; Industrial districts; Artisan firms; Indsutrial Policy

Citizenship laws and international migration in historical perspective

We investigate the origin, impact and evolution of the legal institution of citizenship. We compile a dataset across countries of the world from the 19th century, which documents how citizenship laws have evolved from the common and civil law traditions. Contrary to the predictions of legal theory, we show that the original, exogenously-given citizenship laws did not matter for migration flows during the early, mass migrations period. After WWII, citizenship-granting institutions are no longer exogenous as they are shown to be determined by international migration flows, border stability, the establishment of democracy, the welfare burden, cultural factors, and colonial history. -- Wir untersuchen die Entstehung, die Bedeutung und die Entwicklung des Staatsbürgerschaftsrechtes. Es wird ein Datensatz von Ländern zur Zeit des 19. Jahrhunderts zusammengestellt, der dokumentiert, wie Staatsbürgerschaftsgesetze aus gewohnheits- und zivilrechtlichen Traditionen entstanden sind. Entgegen den Voraussagen der Rechtstheorie kommen wir zu dem Ergebnis, dass die ursprünglichen, exogen gegebenen Staatsbürgerschaftsgesetze keinen Einfluss auf die Migrationsströme der frühen Massenmigrationsperiode hatten. Seit dem zweiten Weltkrieg kann man die staatsbürgerschaftsrechtlichen Normen und Institutionen nicht mehr als gegeben betrachten. Vielmehr zeigt sich, dass sie durch internationale Migrationsbewegungen, die Stabilität von Grenzen, das Vorhandensein einer demokratischen Ordnung, die Belastung der Wohlfahrt, kulturelle Faktoren sowie die Kolonialgeschichte bestimmt werden.Citizenship laws,international migration,legal origins,democracy,borders

The hub continent? Immigrant networks, emigrant diasporas and FDI

This paper studies the effects of immigrant networks on the bilateral FDI of France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK, and, for Italy and Spain, also of the emigrant diasporas. It analyses the effects of skilled and unskilled immigrants and of networks linked to developing and developed countries. Results show that the FDIs of the UK, Germany and France are affected by the networks of skilled immigrants, while those of Italy and Spain are prompted only by the emigrant diasporas. Networks linked to OECD and non-OECD countries have similar effectsmigration, networks, skills, diasporas, FDI

Search for the decay Bs0→D*∓π±

A search for the decay Bs0→D*∓π± is presented using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.0  fb-1 of pp collisions collected by LHCb. This decay is expected to be mediated by a W-exchange diagram, with little contribution from rescattering processes, and therefore a measurement of the branching fraction will help us to understand the mechanism behind related decays such as Bs0→π+π- and Bs0→DD- . Systematic uncertainties are minimized by using B0→D*∓π± as a normalization channel. We find no evidence for a signal, and set an upper limit on the branching fraction of B(Bs0→D*∓π±)<6.1(7.8)×10-6 at 90% (95%) confidence level

Measurements of Bc+ production and mass with the Bc+ -> J/Ψπ+ decay

Measurements of B-c(+) production and mass are performed with the decay mode B-c(+) -> J/psi pi(+) using 0.37 fb(-1) of data collected in pp collisions at root s = 7 TeV by the LHCb experiment. The ratio of the production cross section times branching fraction between the B-c(+) -> J/psi pi(+) and the B+ -> J/psi K+ decays is measured to be (0.68 +/- 0.10(stat) +/- 0.03(syst) +/- 0.05(lifetime))% for B-c(+) and B+ mesons with transverse momenta p(T) > 4 GeV/c and pseudorapidities 2.5 < eta < 4.5. The B-c(+) mass is directly measured to be 6273.7 +/- 1.3(stat) +/- 1.6(syst) MeV/c(2), and the measured mass difference with respect to the B+ meson is M(B-c(+)) - M(B+) = 994.6 +/- 1.3(stat) +/- 0.6(syst) MeV/c(2)

Measurement of the CP asymmetry in Bº → K*º μ+μ- decays

A measurement of the CP asymmetry in Bº → K*º μ+μ- decays is presented, based on 1.0 fb(-1) of pp collision data recorded by the LHCb experiment during 2011. The measurement is performed in six bins of invariant mass squared of the μ+μ- pair, excluding the J/ψ and ψ(2S) resonance regions. Production and detection asymmetries are removed using the Bº → J/ψ K*+º decay as a control mode. The integrated CP asymmetry is found to be -0.072 ± 0.040(stat) ± 0.005(syst), consistent with the standard model

Differential branching fraction and angular analysis of the decay B0→K*0μ+μ-

The angular distributions and the partial branching fraction of the decay B0→K *0μ +μ - are studied by using an integrated luminosity of 0.37fb -1 of data collected with the LHCb detector. The forward-backward asymmetry of the muons, A FB, the fraction of longitudinal polarization, F L, and the partial branching fraction dB/dq2 are determined as a function of the dimuon invariant mass. The measurements are in good agreement with the standard model predictions and are the most precise to date. In the dimuon invariant mass squared range 1.00-6.00GeV2/c4, the results are A FB=-0.06-0.14+0.13±0.04, F L=0.55±0.10±0.03, and dB/dq2=(0.42±0. 06±0.03)×10 -7c4/GeV2. In each case, the first error is statistical and the second systematic

Citizenship Laws and International Migration in Historical Perspective

We investigate the origin, impact and evolution of citizenship laws. Citizenship laws originate from the common and civil law traditions, which apply jus soli and jus sanguinis, respectively. We compile a data set across countries of the world starting from the 19th century. The impact of the original, exogenously-given laws on international migration proves insignificant for the early, mass migration waves, which confirm to be driven primarily by economic incentives. Postwar convergence of citizenship laws is determined by legal tradition and international migration, but also by border stability, the establishment of democracy, the welfare burden, cultural factors and colonial history.Citizenship laws, International migration, Legal origins, Democracy, Borders