4,334 research outputs found
XMM-Newton observations of HESS J1813-178 reveal a composite Supernova remnant
We present X-ray and 12CO(J=1-0) observations of the very-high-energy (VHE)
gamma-ray source HESS J1813-178 with the aim of understanding the origin of the
gamma-ray emission. Using this dataset we are able to undertake spectral and
morphological studies of the X-ray emission from this object with greater
precision than previous studies. NANTEN 12CO(J=1-0) data are used to search for
correlations of the gamma-ray emission with molecular clouds which could act as
target material for gamma-ray production in a hadronic scenario. The NANTEN
12CO(J=1-0) observations show a giant molecular cloud of mass 2.5 10^5
M_{\sun} at a distance of 4 kpc in the vicinity of HESS J1813-178. Even
though there is no direct positional coincidence, this giant cloud might have
influenced the evolution of the gamma-ray source and its surroundings. The
X-ray data show a highly absorbed non-thermal X-ray emitting object coincident
with the previously known ASCA source AX J1813-178 showing a compact core and
an extended tail towards the north-east, located in the centre of the radio
shell-type Supernova remnant (SNR) G12.82-0.2. This central object shows
morphological and spectral resemblance to a Pulsar Wind Nebula (PWN) and we
therefore consider that the object is very likely to be a composite SNR. We
discuss the scenario in which the gamma-rays originate in the shell of the SNR
and the one in which they originate in the central object. We demonstrate, that
in order to connect the core X-ray emission to the VHE gamma-ray emission
electrons have to be accelerated to energies of at least 1 PeV.Comment: Submitted to A&
Planck intermediate results. VIII. Filaments between interacting clusters
About half of the baryons of the Universe are expected to be in the form of
filaments of hot and low density intergalactic medium. Most of these baryons
remain undetected even by the most advanced X-ray observatories which are
limited in sensitivity to the diffuse low density medium. The Planck satellite
has provided hundreds of detections of the hot gas in clusters of galaxies via
the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (tSZ) effect and is an ideal instrument for
studying extended low density media through the tSZ effect. In this paper we
use the Planck data to search for signatures of a fraction of these missing
baryons between pairs of galaxy clusters. Cluster pairs are good candidates for
searching for the hotter and denser phase of the intergalactic medium (which is
more easily observed through the SZ effect). Using an X-ray catalogue of
clusters and the Planck data, we select physical pairs of clusters as
candidates. Using the Planck data we construct a local map of the tSZ effect
centered on each pair of galaxy clusters. ROSAT data is used to construct X-ray
maps of these pairs. After having modelled and subtracted the tSZ effect and
X-ray emission for each cluster in the pair we study the residuals on both the
SZ and X-ray maps. For the merging cluster pair A399-A401 we observe a
significant tSZ effect signal in the intercluster region beyond the virial
radii of the clusters. A joint X-ray SZ analysis allows us to constrain the
temperature and density of this intercluster medium. We obtain a temperature of
kT = 7.1 +- 0.9, keV (consistent with previous estimates) and a baryon density
of (3.7 +- 0.2)x10^-4, cm^-3. The Planck satellite mission has provided the
first SZ detection of the hot and diffuse intercluster gas.Comment: Accepted by A&
Reconstructing the projected gravitational potential of Abell 1689 from X-ray measurements
Context. Galaxy clusters can be used as cosmological probes, but to this end,
they need to be thoroughly understood. Combining all cluster observables in a
consistent way will help us to understand their global properties and their
internal structure. Aims. We provide proof of the concept that the projected
gravitational potential of galaxy clusters can directly be reconstructed from
X-ray observations. We also show that this joint analysis can be used to
locally test the validity of the equilibrium assumptions in galaxy clusters.
Methods. We used a newly developed reconstruction method, based on
Richardson-Lucy deprojection, that allows reconstructing projected
gravitational potentials of galaxy clusters directly from X-ray observations.
We applied this algorithm to the well-studied cluster Abell 1689 and compared
the gravitational potential reconstructed from X-ray observables to the
potential obtained from gravitational lensing measurements. [...] Results.
Assuming spherical symmetry and hydrostatic equilibrium, the potentials
recovered from gravitational lensing and from X-ray emission agree very well
beyond 500 kpc. Owing to the fact that the Richardson-Lucy deprojection
algorithm allows deprojecting each line of sight independently, this result may
indicate that non-gravitational effects and/or asphericity are strong in the
central regions of the clusters. Conclusions. We demonstrate the robustness of
the potential reconstruction method based on the Richardson-Lucy deprojection
algorithm and show that gravitational lensing and X-ray emission lead to
consistent gravitational potentials. Our results illustrate the power of
combining galaxy-cluster observables in a single, non-parametric, joint
reconstruction of consistent cluster potentials that can be used to locally
constrain the physical state of the gas.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures. Accepted in A&
The XMM Cluster Outskirts Project (X-COP): Physical conditions to the virial radius of Abell 2142
Context. Galaxy clusters are continuously growing through the accretion of
matter in their outskirts. This process induces inhomogeneities in the gas
density distribution (clumping) which need to be taken into account to recover
the physical properties of the intracluster medium (ICM) at large radii. Aims.
We studied the thermodynamic properties in the outskirts (R > R500) of the
massive galaxy cluster Abell 2142 by combining the Sunyaev Zel'dovich (SZ)
effect with the X-ray signal. Methods. We combined the SZ pressure profile
measured by Planck with the XMM-Newton gas density profile to recover radial
profiles of temperature, entropy and hydrostatic mass out to 2R500. We used a
method that is insensitive to clumping to recover the gas density, and we
compared the results with traditional X-ray measurement techniques. Results.
When taking clumping into account, our joint SZ/X-ray entropy profile is
consistent with the predictions from pure gravitational collapse, whereas a
significant entropy flattening is found when the effect of clumping is
neglected. The hydrostatic mass profile recovered using joint X-ray/SZ data
agrees with that obtained from spectroscopic X-ray measurements and with mass
reconstructions obtained through weak lensing and galaxy kinematics.
Conclusions. We found that clumping can explain the entropy flattening observed
by Suzaku in the outskirts of several clusters. When using a method insensitive
to clumping for the reconstruction of the gas density, the thermodynamic
properties of Abell 2142 are compatible with the assumption that the thermal
gas pressure sustains gravity and that the entropy is injected at accretion
shocks, with no need to evoke more exotic physics. Our results highlight the
need for X-ray observations with sufficient spatial resolution, and large
collecting area, to understand the processes at work in cluster outer regions.Comment: 22 pages, 32 figures, accepted in the journal A&
Security and Privacy Issues in Wireless Mesh Networks: A Survey
This book chapter identifies various security threats in wireless mesh
network (WMN). Keeping in mind the critical requirement of security and user
privacy in WMNs, this chapter provides a comprehensive overview of various
possible attacks on different layers of the communication protocol stack for
WMNs and their corresponding defense mechanisms. First, it identifies the
security vulnerabilities in the physical, link, network, transport, application
layers. Furthermore, various possible attacks on the key management protocols,
user authentication and access control protocols, and user privacy preservation
protocols are presented. After enumerating various possible attacks, the
chapter provides a detailed discussion on various existing security mechanisms
and protocols to defend against and wherever possible prevent the possible
attacks. Comparative analyses are also presented on the security schemes with
regards to the cryptographic schemes used, key management strategies deployed,
use of any trusted third party, computation and communication overhead involved
etc. The chapter then presents a brief discussion on various trust management
approaches for WMNs since trust and reputation-based schemes are increasingly
becoming popular for enforcing security in wireless networks. A number of open
problems in security and privacy issues for WMNs are subsequently discussed
before the chapter is finally concluded.Comment: 62 pages, 12 figures, 6 tables. This chapter is an extension of the
author's previous submission in arXiv submission: arXiv:1102.1226. There are
some text overlaps with the previous submissio
Incidence of erythropoietin antibody-mediated pure red cell aplasia: the Prospective Immunogenicity Surveillance Registry (PRIMS)
Background: Subcutaneous administration of Eprex(®) (epoetin alfa) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) was contraindicated in the European Union between 2002 and 2006 after increased reports of anti-erythropoietin antibody-mediated pure red cell aplasia (PRCA). The Prospective Immunogenicity Surveillance Registry (PRIMS) was conducted to estimate the incidence of antibody-mediated PRCA with subcutaneous administration of a new coated-stopper syringe presentation of Eprex(®) and to compare this with the PRCA incidence with subcutaneous NeoRecormon(®) (epoetin beta) and Aranesp(®) (darbepoetin alfa).
Methods: PRIMS was a multicentre, multinational, non-interventional, parallel-group, immunogenicity surveillance registry. Adults with CKD receiving or about to initiate subcutaneous Eprex(®), NeoRecormon(®) or Aranesp(®) for anaemia were enrolled and followed for up to 3 years. Unexplained loss or lack of effect (LOE), including suspected PRCA, was reported, with antibody testing for confirmation of PRCA.
Results: Of the 15 333 patients enrolled, 5948 received Eprex(®) (8377 patient-years) and 9356 received NeoRecormon(®)/Aranesp(®) (14 286 patient-years). No treatment data were available for 29 patients. Among 23 patients with LOE, five cases of PRCA were confirmed (Eprex(®), n = 3; NeoRecormon(®), n = 1; Aranesp(®), n = 1). Based on exposed time, PRCA incidence was 35.8/100 000 patient-years (95% CI 7.4-104.7) for Eprex(®) versus 14.0/100 000 patient-years (95% CI 1.7-50.6) for NeoRecormon(®)/Aranesp(®). The incidence of PRCA with Eprex(®) was not significantly different versus comparator ESAs (rate ratio: 2.56; 95% CI 0.43-15.31). An analysis based on observed time produced similar findings.
Conclusion: This large, prospective registry demonstrates that PRCA is rare with subcutaneous administration of either the new coated-stopper syringe presentation of Eprex(®), or NeoRecormon(®) or Aranesp(®).This study was funded by Janssen, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson
A survey of RFID privacy approaches
A bewildering number of proposals have offered solutions to the privacy problems inherent in RFID communication. This article tries to give an overview of the currently discussed approaches and their attribute
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