Saavutettavuus mahdollisuuksien määrittäjänä : tapaustutkimus Perun Amazonilta

Accessibility is a crucial factor for interaction between areas in economic, cultural, political and environmental terms. Therefore, information concerning accessibility is relevant for informed decision making, planning and research. The Loreto region in the Peruvian Amazonia provides an interesting scene for an accessibility study. Loreto is sparsely populated and because there are few roads in the region, in practice all movement and transportation happens along the river network. Due to the proximity of the Andes, river dynamics are strong and annual changes in water level combined with these dynamic processes constantly reshape accessibility patterns of the region. Selling non-timber forest products (NTFP) and agricultural products (AP) in regional centres is an important income source for local rain forest dwellers. Thus, accessibility to the centres is crucial for the livelihood of local population. In this thesis I studied how accessible the regional centre Iquitos is from other parts of Loreto. In addition, I studied the regional NTFP/AP trade patterns and compared them with patterns of accessibility. Based on GPS-measurements, using GIS, I created a time-distance surface covering Loreto. This surface describes the time-distance to Iquitos, along the river network. Based on interview material, I assessed annual changes to accessibility patterns in the region. The most common regional NTFP/AP were classified according to the amount of time they can be preserved, and based on the accessibility surface, I modelled a catchment area for each of these product classes. According to my results, navigation speeds vary considerably in different parts of the river network, depending on river types, vessels, flow direction and season. Navigating downstream is, generally, faster than upstream navigation. Thus, Iquitos is better accessible from areas situated south and south west of the city, like along the rivers Ucayali and Marañon. Differences in accessibility between different seasons are also substantial: during the dry season navigation is slower due to lower water levels and emerging sand bars. Regularly operating boats follow routes only along certain rivers and close to Iquitos transport facilities are more abundant than in more distant areas. Most of the products present in Iquitos market places are agricultural products, and the share of NTFP is significantly smaller. Most of the products were classified in product class 2, and the catchment area for these products is rather small. Many products also belonged to class 5, and the catchment area for these products reaches up to the edges of my study area, following the patterns of the river network. The accessibility model created in this study predicts travel times relatively well, although in some cases the modelled time-distances are substantially shorter than observed time-distances. This is partly caused by the fact that real-life navigation routes are more complicated than the modelled routes. Rain forest dwellers having easier access to Iquitos have more opportunities in terms of the products they decide to market. Thus, they can better take advantage of other factors affecting the market potential of different products. In all, understanding spatial variation in accessibility is important. In the Amazonian context it is difficult to combine the accessibility-related needs of the local dwellers with conservation purposes and the future challenge lies in finding solution that satisfy both of these needs.Saavutettavuus on keskeinen tekijä eri alueiden välisessä vuorovaikutuksessa, olipa kyse taloudellisista, kulttuurisista, poliittisista tai ympäristöseikoista. Sen huomioiminen päätöksenteossa, suunnittelussa ja tutkimuksessa on tärkeää. Loreton maakunta Perun Amazonialla on mielenkiintoinen tutkimuskohde saavutettavuutta ajatellen. Alue on harvaanasuttua ja vaikeakulkuista; teitä on vähän, joten käytännössä kaikki liikkuminen ja kuljetukset perustuvat alueen jokiverkkoon. Andien läheisyydestä johtuen jokidynamiikka on alueella voimakasta, ja vuosittaiset tulvat sekä virtaaman vaihtelu yhdistettynä näihin dynaamisiin prosesseihin muokkaavat jatkuvasti alueen eri osien saavutettavuutta. Viljely- ja keräilytuotteiden myyminen isompien keskusten markkinoilla on yksi keskeisimmistä tulonhankkimismuodoista sademetsän asukkaille, joten keskusten saavutettavuudella on heidän elinkeinojensa kannalta tärkeä merkitys. Tässä tutkimuksessa selvitettiin, kuinka Iquitosin kaupunki on saavutettavissa muualta Loreton maakunnasta ja kuinka tämä saavutettavuus vaikuttaa viljely- ja keräiltytuotteiden kauppaan. Kenttätyöjakson aikana tehtyihin GPS-mittauksiin perustuen Loreton maakunnasta luotiin paikkatietomenetelmin aikaetäisyyspinta, joka kuvaa Iquitosin kaupungin saavutettavuutta jokiverkkoa pitkin. Saavutettavuuden vuotuista vaihtelua arvioitiin haastatteluaineiston pohjalta. Alueen tavallisimmat viljely- ja keräilytuotteet luokiteltiin niiden säilyvyyden perusteella ja kullekin tuoteluokalle mallinnettiin saavutettavuuteen pohjautuva keräilyalue. Tutkimus osoitti, että navigointinopeudet vaihtelevat huomattavasti jokiverkon eri osissa, riippuen jokityypistä, kulkuvälineestä, kulkusuunnasta ja vuodenajasta. Myötävirtaan navigointi on pääsääntöisesti nopeampaa kuin vastavirtaan navigointi, mistä johtuen Iquitos on paremmin saavutettavissa alueilta, joilta kuljetaan kaupunkiin myötävirtaan. Vuodenaikojen väliset erot saavutettavuudessa ovat myös suuret, sillä kuivana kautena navigointi on hitaampaa alhaisen vedenpinnan tason ja jokiin muodostuvien särkkien takia. Säännöllisesti liikennöivät laivat ja veneet kulkevat vain tiettyjä jokia pitkin, ja lähellä Iquitosia kuljetusmahdollisuudet ovat huomattavasti paremmat kuin kauempana keskuksesta. Suurin osa toreilla esiintyvistä tuotteista on viljelytuotteita, ja puhtaasti keräilytuotteiden osuus kaikista tuotteista on melko pieni. Suurin osa tuotteista luokiteltiin noin kolme päivää säilyviin tuotteisiin, joiden keräilyalue on hyvin suppea. Paljon tuotteita kuului myös yli viisi päivää säilyvien tuotteiden luokkaan, ja niiden keräilyalue ulottuu jokiverkkoa mukaillen monin paikoin maakunnan rajoille saakka. Saavutettavuusmalli arvioi aikaetäisyyttä suhteellisen hyvin, joskin paikoittain mallin mukaiset arvot ovat huomattavasti todellisia aikaetäisyyksiä lyhempiä. Todelliset navigointireitit ovat siis mallia monimutkaisempia. Paremman saavutettavuuden piirissä olevilla asukkailla on enemmän valinnanvaraa tuotteissa, joita he markkinoivat. Näin ollen he voivat kiinnittää enemmän huomiota muihin tekijöihin, joilla on vaikutusta tuotteiden markkinapotentiaalin. Saavutettavuuden alueellisen vaihtelun ymmärtäminen on tärkeää. Amazonialla haasteellista on yhdistää suojelunäkökulma ja paikallisten ihmisten tarpeet saavutettavuuden suhteen, ja tulevaisuuden haasteena on löytää ratkaisuja, jotka tyydyttävät molempia tarpeita

Finnair Plus-kanta-asiakasohjelmaan sitouttaminen : Sitouttamisen esteet ja milleniaalien asiakaskäyttäytyminen

Tämän opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli selvittää Finnairin Finnair Plus -kanta-asiakasohjelman sitouttamisen keinoja. Tarkoituksena oli kartoittaa ohjelman hyötyjä ja haasteita sekä pohtia kehityskohtia ja sitouttamisen esteitä. Tarkoituksena oli tehostaa markkinoinnin mittareita ja keskittyä niissä sukupolvellisiin eroihin ja mieltymyksiin. Työssä perehdyttiin laajemmin milleniaaleihin kanta-asiakasohjelmien käyttäjinä. Opinnäytetyössä käytettiin kvalitatiivista tutkimusmenetelmää. Tutkimus toteutettiin haastattelemalla 12 henkilöä. Haastateltavat olivat kahdesta ryhmästä: Finnair Plus -kanta-asiakasohjelman perusjäseniä ja ei-jäseniä. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittivat, että tärkeimmiksi tekijöiksi koettiin asiakaskokemukseen liittyvät asiat, kuten tietoisuuden lisääminen sekä ansaintamahdollisuuksien ja pisteiden arvon lisääminen. Finnair Plus -kanta-asiakasohjelman suurimpia puutteita olivat eri sukupolvien huomioiminen markkinointiviestinnässä ja perustasolla olleiden jäsenien asiakassuhteiden laatu. Tuloksena todettiin, että passiivisten jäsenten ja ei-jäsenten sitouttamista voidaan lisätä kehittämällä uusia toimintamalleja. Keskittyminen jäsenten sitouttamiseen vaatii tarkasti suunnitellun sisältöstrategian. Strategian tueksi tarvitaan analysointia, jotta kehittäminen kohdistuu eri sukupolvien asiakasuskollisuuteen sekä passiivisiin asiakaskuntiin. Kehitysehdotusten lähtökohdaksi otettiin näkökulma, joka määrittelee ohjelman nykyistä toimintaa ja sen parantamista. Kehitysideat kohdistettiin tärkeimmiksi koettuihin ja toteutettavissa oleviin asioihin. Johtopäätöksenä todettiin, että käytetty tutkimusmenetelmä on sopiva myös muiden kanta-asiakasohjelmien kehittämiseen ja tutkimiseen.The purpose of the thesis was to identify development possibilities for Finnair, a Finnish airline, to improve customer engagement through their Finnair Plus loyalty programme. The purpose of the thesis was to identify the barriers in customer engagement and to analyse the current actions taken in the loyalty programme and improve them. The theoretical part of the thesis focused on loyalty programmes, customer satisfaction as well as customer engagement and the consumer behaviour of millennials as users of loyalty programmes. The current state of Finnair’s loyalty programme was analysed in the thesis. The results were used to identify what kind of development actions could be done. The data was collected using qualitative methods such as theme interviews and benchmarking. The study was carried out by interviewing twelve persons. The interviewees were in two different groups: members and not members of the Finnair Plus programme. The results showed that the strongest factors influencing customer engagement were based on customer experiences, such as knowledge of how the loyalty programme functions, how the collected loyalty points could be redeemed and how the value of the points was defined. The biggest barriers were in taking different generations into consideration in marketing communication and in the quality of the customer relationship with the basic members. As a conclusion, to engage passive members and non-members, new operating models should be added. Focusing on engaging members requires a well-planned content strategy. To support the strategy, careful analysis is needed so that the development efforts will be targeted to improving the customer loyalty of different generations and passive customer bases

Can eye movements be quantitatively applied to image quality studies?

The aim of the study is to find out whether subjective image quality evaluations can be quantified by eye movement tracking. We want to map objective or physically measurable image quality to subjective evaluations and eye movement data. Results show that eye movement parameters consistently change according to the instructions given to the user, and according to physical image quality. These results indicate that eye movement tracking could be used to differentiate image quality evaluation strategies that the users have. Results also show that eye movements would help mapping between technological and subjective image quality. We also propose to extend the widely used image quality process model, the Image Quality Circle. We suggest adding the objective measurements of a viewer (e.g. eye tracking) in parallel with customer perceptions as an option to gather information of customer perceptions of image quality

Northern Rivers GIG Phytobenthos Intercalibration Exercise

General issues associated with phytobenthos intercalibration exercises are addressed in the report on the CB GIG intercalibration exercise. The conclusions and recommendations listed in that report are all equally valid for the N GIG exercise. This section highlights a few points that are unique to the N GIG exercise. The CB GIG exercise involved 12 Member States; whilst the N GIG exercise is much smaller, with just four participants. An important implication is that the exercise has lower statistical power and it is not always clear if those MS that fall outside the ‘acceptable band’ do so because there are issues that those MS need to address or because the ‘acceptable band’ is itself based on a small (and potentially atypical sample). On the other hand, however, the ‘acceptable band’ should not be equated with ‘best practice’. MS that comply with the minimum requirements of the exercise are included in the acceptable band and the position of this band, therefore, reflects the consensus of those. This must affect how results from N GIG and other smaller intercalibration exercises are judged. In particular, a ‘Type 1 error’ (i.e. erroneous rejection of the [null] hypothesis that boundaries are the same) may lead to the conclusion that a MS needs to adjust boundaries when, in fact, the median value of the ICM (which anchors the acceptable band) is unlikely to be stable with such a small sample size. The approach adopted here was, therefore, to perform a suite of tests using different permutations of the statistical criteria and to make final judgements about the need (or otherwise) to adjust boundaries based on the weight of evidence. Whilst the CB GIG exercise evaluated two versions of the ICM (one based on the mean of component metrics, the other based on the minimum), the N GIG exercise used both versions. TISI-min favoured IE and UK, both of whose national metric was the TDI, which correlates more strongly with the nutrient-sensitive TI, whilst TISI-mean favoured FI and SE whose national metric was the IPS, which correlated more strongly with the SI. Whilst TISI-mean is not biased by a low value of one or other metric, TISI-min better embodies the ‘one out, all out’ principle used when comparing biological elements as part of status assessments. Three of the four MS taking part in this exercise were also involved in the CB GIG exercise. Boundaries calculated in this exercise are broadly consistent between the two exercises. For H/G, IE, SE and UK were all inside the acceptable band for the CB GIG exercise whilst, for N GIG, UK were inside whilst SE was above the acceptable band for TISI-min but inside for TISI-mean and IE was marginally below for TISI-mean. For G/M, UK and SE were inside the acceptable band whilst IE was above. For the N GIG exercise, IE and UK were inside the acceptable band on all occasions whilst SE was again above the acceptable band when TISI-min was used. In the case of IE, the relatively small size of the dataset plus the low number of poor quality sites may be responsible for the differences in regression equations. Whilst SE were above the acceptable band on two out of four occasions for each of H/G and G/M comparisons, it is only those MS that fall below the acceptable band that need to consider harmonisation. In this exercise, both IE and FI fell below the acceptable band on one out of four occasions, both were only marginally below the acceptable band on these occasions and we believe that there is no case for either MS to adjust their boundarie

Kestävän tulevaisuuden tekijät -projektikurssin opettajan opas : Materiaali opiskelijalähtöisen kestävän kehityksen projektikurssin toteuttamiseen

Materiaali on toteutettu osana Opiskelijat opettajina - lukion kestävyysopetuksen kehittämishanketta. Hankkeessa kumppaneina toimivat Helsingin yliopiston Biologian didaktiikan ja kestävän kehityksen kasvatuksen tutkimusryhmä ja WWF Suomi.Non peer reviewe

Validation of the Munich Actimetry Sleep Detection Algorithm for estimating sleep-wake patterns from activity recordings

© 2021 The Authors. Journal of Sleep Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Sleep Research Society. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.Periods of sleep and wakefulness can be estimated from wrist-locomotor activity recordings via algorithms that identify periods of relative activity and inactivity. Here, we evaluated the performance of our Munich Actimetry Sleep Detection Algorithm. The Munich Actimetry Sleep Detection Algorithm uses a moving 24-h threshold and correlation procedure estimating relatively consolidated periods of sleep and wake. The Munich Actimetry Sleep Detection Algorithm was validated against sleep logs and polysomnography. Sleep-log validation was performed on two field samples collected over 54 and 34 days (median) in 34 adolescents and 28 young adults. Polysomnographic validation was performed on a clinical sample of 23 individuals undergoing one night of polysomnography. Epoch-by-epoch analyses were conducted and comparisons of sleep measures carried out via Bland-Altman plots and correlations. Compared with sleep logs, the Munich Actimetry Sleep Detection Algorithm classified sleep with a median sensitivity of 80% (interquartile range [IQR] = 75%-86%) and specificity of 91% (87%-92%). Mean onset and offset times were highly correlated (r = .86-.91). Compared with polysomnography, the Munich Actimetry Sleep Detection Algorithm reached a median sensitivity of 92% (85%-100%) but low specificity of 33% (10%-98%), owing to the low frequency of wake episodes in the night-time polysomnographic recordings. The Munich Actimetry Sleep Detection Algorithm overestimated sleep onset (~21 min) and underestimated wake after sleep onset (~26 min), while not performing systematically differently from polysomnography in other sleep parameters. These results demonstrate the validity of the Munich Actimetry Sleep Detection Algorithm in faithfully estimating sleep-wake patterns in field studies. With its good performance across daytime and night-time, it enables analyses of sleep-wake patterns in long recordings performed to assess circadian and sleep regularity and is therefore an excellent objective alternative to sleep logs in field settings.ASL received a stipend from the Max‐Weber‐Programm (Studienstiftung), AMB received funding from the Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences Munich, CR received funding from the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) PhD research grants (PDE/BDE/114584/2016), LKP received a fellowship from the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES, Finance Code 001), and NG received research funding from the FoeFoLe program at LMU (registration No. 37/2013).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Digitalized Cognitive Behavioral Interventions for Depressive Symptoms During Pregnancy: Systematic Review

Background: Studies have shown a high prevalence of depression during pregnancy, and there is also evidence that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is one of the most effective psychosocial interventions. Emerging evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) has shown that technology has been successfully harnessed to provide CBT interventions for other populations. However, very few studies have focused on their use during pregnancy. This approach has become increasingly important in many clinical areas due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and our study aimed to expand the knowledge in this particular clinical area.Objective: Our systematic review aimed to bring together the available research-based evidence on digitalized CBT interventions for depression symptoms during pregnancy.Methods: A systematic review of the Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, and EBSCO Open Dissertations databases was carried out from the earliest available evidence to October 27, 2021. Only RCT studies published in English were considered. The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) guidelines were followed, and the protocol was registered on the Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. The risk of bias was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials.Results: The review identified 7 studies from 5 countries (the United States, China, Australia, Norway, and Sweden) published from 2015 to 2021. The sample sizes ranged from 25 to 1342 participants. The interventions used various technological elements, including text, images, videos, games, interactive features, and peer group discussions. They comprised 2 guided and 5 unguided approaches. Using digitalized CBT interventions for depression during pregnancy showed promising efficacy, with guided intervention showing higher effect sizes (Hedges g=1.21) than the unguided interventions (Hedges g=0.14-0.99). The acceptability of the digitalized CBT interventions was highly encouraging, based on user feedback. Attrition rates were low for the guided intervention (4.5%) but high for the unguided interventions (22.1%-46.5%). A high overall risk of bias was present for 6 of the 7 studies.Conclusions: Our search only identified a small number of digitalized CBT interventions for pregnant women, despite the potential of this approach. These showed promising evidence when it came to efficacy and positive outcomes for depression symptoms, and user feedback was positive. However, the overall risk of bias suggests that the efficacy of the interventions needs to be interpreted with caution. Future studies need to consider how to mitigate these sources of biases. Digitalized CBT interventions can provide prompt, effective, evidence-based interventions for pregnant women. This review increases our understanding of the importance of digitalized interventions during pregnancy, including during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p

Safety and immunogenicity of three doses of an eleven-valent diphtheria toxoid and tetanus protein – conjugated pneumococcal vaccine in Filipino infants

BACKGROUND: An 11-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine could provide significantly larger reduction in pneumococcal disease burden than the currently available 7-valent vaccine formulation in many countries. METHODS: In total, 50 infants were enrolled to this open, uncontrolled study, which evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of an aluminium adjuvanted 11-valent mixed-carrier diphtheria toxoid or tetanus protein-conjugated vaccine (11-PncTD) when administered in three doses at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age simultaneously with DTwP//PRP-T and OPV vaccines in Filipino infants. RESULTS: The rates of local reactions between the two injection sites, those associated with the 11-PncTD vaccine and those with the DTwP//PRP-T were almost of equal frequency for all three vaccine doses except for induration, which was significantly more common in the DTP//PRP-T injection site. Fever was present in 39%, 22% and 21% of infants following each of the three doses. Antibody responses were determined by an enzyme immunoassay method before the first vaccination and after the three doses. The vaccine elicited a significant anti-pneumococcal polysaccharide antibody response against all serotypes included in the vaccine, except for type 14, for which the pre-vaccination geometric mean antibody concentration (GMC) was high (1.61 μg/ml). The GMCs one month after the vaccination series ranged from 1.1 micrograms/ml for type 6B to 23.4 μg/ml for type 4. CONCLUSION: The 11-PncTD vaccine is safe, well-tolerated and immunogenic. The effectiveness of the non-adjuvanted formulation of the vaccine in preventing pneumonia is currently being evaluated in the Philippines

Annexin A6-Induced Alterations in Cholesterol Transport and Caveolin Export from the Golgi Complex

Annexin A6 (AnxA6) belongs to a family of Ca2+-dependent membrane-binding proteins and is involved in the regulation of endocytic and exocytic pathways. We previously demonstrated that AnxA6 regulates receptor-mediated endocytosis and lysosomal targeting of low-density lipoproteins and translocates to cholesterol-enriched late endosomes (LE). As cholesterol modulates the membrane binding and the cellular location of AnxA6, but also affects the intracellular distribution of caveolin, we investigated the localization and trafficking of caveolin in AnxA6-expressing cells. Here, we show that cells expressing high levels of AnxA6 are characterized by an accumulation of caveolin-1 (cav-1) in the Golgi complex. This is associated with a sequestration of cholesterol in the LE and lower levels of cholesterol in the Golgi and the plasma membrane, both likely contributing to retention of caveolin in the Golgi apparatus and a reduced number of caveolae at the cell surface. Further strengthening these findings, knock down of AnxA6 and the ectopic expression of the Niemann–Pick C1 protein in AnxA6-overexpressing cells restore the cellular distribution of cav-1 and cholesterol, respectively. In summary, this study demonstrates that elevated expression levels of AnxA6 perturb the intracellular distribution of cholesterol, which indirectly inhibits the exit of caveolin from the Golgi complex