Spain and the First World War : neutrality and crisis.

PhDThe subject of this thesis is a study of Spain during the First World War. The Spanish case is analyzed as the regional version of the general crisis which engulfed the rest of Europe during these years. This crisis was produced by the ideological militancy and social struggle caused by four years of devastating international conflict. It heralded the arrival of mass politics which put an end to a previous era marked by hierarchical and clientelist politics. This thesis examines how the maintenance of strict neutrality did not save the existing regime in Spain from the impact of the conflict raging in Europe. Spain did not enter the war but the war entered the country and, ironically, a conflict in which Spain did not take part was to alter its contemporary history. The analysis explores the gradual disintegration of the foundations of the ruling system, the Liberal Monarchy restored in December 1874, during and as a consequence of the First World War. Considerable attention is paid to the impact and importance of the war in producing the decay of the Liberal Monarchy. This process is examined at two levels: the political polarization and subsequent division of the country which was provoked by the debate about belligerence or neutrality, and the social and economic transformations that Spain underwent as consequence a of its privileged position as a supplier to both sides. The result was galloping inflation, widespread social discontent and political turmoil. Under these pressures, the hegemonic system, based on electoral falsification, widespread patronage and mass apathy, collapsed and gave way to an inexorable process of growing working class and right-wing militancy which led to the military coup of 1923

España y la I Guerra Mundial Cien años después. Presentación

-

"España no era Rusia". La revolución española de 1917: Anatomía de un fracaso

Resumen: Este artículo analiza la crisis de modernidad del régimen de la Restauración dentro de la dinámica general revolucionaria propiciada por la I Guerra Mundial. En este sentido, el caso español (con sus connotaciones peculiares) es examinado como la versión regional de la quiebra general del orden socio-político europeo dominado por monarquías constitucionales y parlamentarias pero de corte elitista y clientelar.La neutralidad salvó a España de la sangría humana pero no la pudo aislar de su enorme impacto socio-económico y político. La combinación en 1917 de factores de índole externa (ideológica polarización en torno a la neutralidad, revolución rusa) y doméstica (carestía de la vida, crisis de subsistencias, dislocación social) desembocaron en un ciclo reformista/revolucionario que sin embargo terminó en fracaso. Este artículo examina las condiciones y razones (agentes y circunstanciales) que explican tal fracaso así como el coste en que incurrió el régimen para garantizar su supervivencia. Dentro de estos parámetros, las peculiaridades del ciclo revolucionario español se analizan comparando con los rasgos diferenciales del modelo ruso.Palabras clave: Primera Guerra Mundial, Neutralidad, revolución, Juntas, asamblea, Alfonso XIII, zarismo, Lenin.Abstract: This article analyses the crisis of modernity of Spain’s Restoration regime as part of the revolutionary dynamic spurred by the First World War. Within this context, the Spanish case (with its obvious particular connotations) is examined as the regional version of the breakdown of the traditional European socio-political order then dominated by constitutional and parliamentarian monarchies although elitist or clientelist in nature. Her neutrality spared Spain from the human slaughter but could not isolate her from the war’s huge socio-economic and political impact. The combination in 1917 of factors both external (ideological polarization, Russian revolution) and domestic (shortages of basic products, rising prices, social dislocation) led to a reformist/revolutionary cycle that nevertheless ended in utter failure. This article examines the conditions and reasons (agential and accidental) that explain such failure as well as the price that the regime had to pay to guarantee its survival. Within these parameters, the peculiarities of the Spanish revolutionary cycle are analysed in comparative terms with the differential features of the Russian model.Key words: First World War, neutrality, revolution, Juntas, assembly, Alfonso XIII, Tsarism, Leni

British writing about the Spanish Labyrinth

With its longstanding tradition of academic excellence, the United Kingdom, in particular the Iberian Centre headed by Raymond Carr at the University of Oxford, headed research on the Spanish Civil War during the dark years of the dictatorship. The transition to democracy and subsequent free access to archives naturally returned Spanish universities to a position of prominence in the study of this crucial subject. Nevertheless, the contribution of the British school remains important. With its constant methodological renovations, emphasis on intradisciplinary collaboration and close relationship between teaching and research, the United Kingdom attracts academics from all over the world. This includes rising numbers of academics visiting from Spain. In the particular field of hispanism, Professor Paul Preston, who took on the baton from Raymond Carr, has not only written a large number of ground-breaking monographs but has also nurtured several generations of scholars, most of them specialising in the Civil War. Preston has also set up the Cañada Blanch Centre at the London School of Economics, an outstanding hub for study, debate and research.Con su larguísima tradición de excelencia académica, el Reino Unido, en particular el Iberian Centre dirigido por Raymond Carr en Oxford, lideró el estudio sobre la Guerra Civil española durante los aciagos años del franquismo. La transición democrática y consiguiente libre acceso a los archivos, representó, como era lógico, la prominencia de las universidades españolas en la investigación de sujeto de tal importancia. No obstante, la contribución de la escuela anglosajona continúa siendo importante. Su constante renovación metodológica, énfasis en colaboración interdisciplinaria e intrínseca conexión entre docencia e investigación siguen atrayendo las visitas de académicos de todo el mundo (y en número cada vez mayor de España). En el campo particular del hispanismo, el profesor Paul Preston, habiendo tomado el relevo de Raymond Carr, no solo ha escrito un elevado número de monografías esenciales sino también educado varias generaciones de investigadores, casi todos ellos especializados en temas relacionados con la Guerra Civil, y creado en el Cañada Blanch Centre (London School of Economics) un extraordinario centro de estudio, investigación y debate

Integral strategy to supportive care in breast cancer survivors through occupational therapy and a m-health system: design of a randomized clinical trial

Background: Technological support using e-health mobile applications (m-health) is a promising strategy to improve the adherence to healthy lifestyles in breast cancer survivors (excess in energy intake or low physical activity are determinants of the risk of recurrence, second cancers and cancer mortality). Moreover, cancer rehabilitation programs supervised by health professionals are needed due to the inherent characteristics of these breast cancer patients. Our main objective is to compare the clinical efficacy of a m-health lifestyle intervention system alone versus an integral strategy to improve Quality of Life in breast cancer survivors. Methods: This therapeutic superiority study will use a two-arm, assessor blinded parallel RCT design. Women will be eligible if: they are diagnosed of stage I, II or III-A breast cancer; are between 25 and 75 years old; have a Body Mass Index > 25 kg/m2; they have basic ability to use mobile apps; they had completed adjuvant therapy except for hormone therapy; and they have some functional shoulder limitations. Participants will be randomized to one of the following groups: integral group will use a mobile application (BENECA APP) and will receive a face-to-face rehabilitation (8-weeks); m-health group will use the BENECA app for 2-months and will received usual care information. Study endpoints will be assessed after 8 weeks and 6 months. The primary outcome will be Quality of Life measured by The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core and breast module. The secondary outcomes: body composition; upper-body functionality (handgrip, Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire, goniometry); cognitive function (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Trail Making Test); anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale); physical fitness (Short version of the Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire, Self-Efficacy Scale for Physical Activity); accelerometry and lymphedema. Discussion: This study has been designed to seek to address the new needs for support and treatment of breast cancer survivors, reflecting the emerging need to merge new low cost treatment options with much-needed involvement of health professionals in this type of patients. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02817724 (date of registration: 22/06/2016).The study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Plan Estatal de I + D + I 2013-2016), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI14/01627), Fondos Estructurales de la Unión Europea (FEDER) and by the Spanish Ministry of Education (FPU14/01069). This is part of a Ph.D. Thesis conducted in the Clinical Medicine and Public Health Doctoral Studies of the University of Granada, Spain

Dietary α‐Linolenic Acid, Marine ω‐3 Fatty Acids, and Mortality in a Population With High Fish Consumption: Findings From the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) Study

Background: Epidemiological evidence suggests a cardioprotective role of α‐linolenic acid (ALA), a plant‐derived ω‐3 fatty acid. It is unclear whether ALA is beneficial in a background of high marine ω‐3 fatty acids (long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) intake. In persons at high cardiovascular risk from Spain, a country in which fish consumption is customarily high, we investigated whether meeting the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids recommendation for dietary ALA (0.7% of total energy) at baseline was related to all‐cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. We also examined the effect of meeting the society's recommendation for long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (≥500 mg/day). Methods and Results: We longitudinally evaluated 7202 participants in the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) trial. Multivariable‐adjusted Cox regression models were fitted to estimate hazard ratios. ALA intake correlated to walnut consumption (r=0.94). During a 5.9‐y follow‐up, 431 deaths occurred (104 cardiovascular disease, 55 coronary heart disease, 32 sudden cardiac death, 25 stroke). The hazard ratios for meeting ALA recommendation (n=1615, 22.4%) were 0.72 (95% CI 0.56–0.92) for all‐cause mortality and 0.95 (95% CI 0.58–1.57) for fatal cardiovascular disease. The hazard ratios for meeting the recommendation for long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n=5452, 75.7%) were 0.84 (95% CI 0.67–1.05) for all‐cause mortality, 0.61 (95% CI 0.39–0.96) for fatal cardiovascular disease, 0.54 (95% CI 0.29–0.99) for fatal coronary heart disease, and 0.49 (95% CI 0.22–1.01) for sudden cardiac death. The highest reduction in all‐cause mortality occurred in participants meeting both recommendations (hazard ratio 0.63 [95% CI 0.45–0.87]). Conclusions: In participants without prior cardiovascular disease and high fish consumption, dietary ALA, supplied mainly by walnuts and olive oil, relates inversely to all‐cause mortality, whereas protection from cardiac mortality is limited to fish‐derived long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.Controlled-trials.com/. Unique identifier: ISRCTN35739639

CRISIS, AGONÍA Y FIN DE LA MONARQUÍA LIBERAL (1914-1923)

Aquest assaig analitza els anys fi nals de la monarquia liberal i les raons de la seva crisi, agonia i col·lapse. Examina una era de revolució i reacció que s’inicia en 1916-1917. Aquest fou un període en el què les classes governants a Espanya, enfrontades amb una mobilització popular i protesta social sense precedents, foren incapaces de conservar la seva hegemonia i van acabar sent derrocades per un cop d’estat militar al setembre de 1923. La qüestió central d’aquest estudi és el conflicte social i la violència política que va començar a guanyar força després de finalitzada la Primera Guerra Mundial, l’episodi fi nal dels quals seria la guerra civil que esclatà una generació més tard.This essay examines the fi nal years of the Liberal Monarchy in Spain and the reasons for its crisis, agony and demise. It explores an era of revolution and reaction that started in the years 1916-17. This was a period during which in the face of unprecedented mass social protest and political mobilisation, Spain’s governing elites were unable to retain their leadership of political society and were fi nally toppled by a military coup in 1923. The central focus of this study is on the increasingly violentsocial confl ict and political turmoil that gathered momentum after the First World War and whose fi nal outcome would be the civil war a generation later.Este ensayo analiza los años finales de la monarquía liberal y las razones de su crisis, agonía y colapso. Examina una era de revolución y reacción que comenzó en 1916-17. Este fue un periodo en el que las clases gobernantes en España, enfrentadas a una movilización popular y protesta social sin precedentes, fueron incapaces de conservar su hegemonía y acabaron siendo derribadas por un golpe militar en septiembre de 1923. El foco central de este estudio es el conflicto social y la violencia política que comenzó a ganar fuerza tras la Primera Guerra Mundial y cuyoepisodio final sería la guerra civil que estalló una generación más tarde