Cervecería Cuauhtémoc: expansión y financiamiento (1890-1982)

El caso de la Cervecería Cuauhtémoc, origen del Grupo VISA (hoy FEMSA), es ampliamente conocido por su integración vertical hacia la producción de botellas de vidrio, corcholatas, empaques de cartón e incluso energéticos y transporte; asimismo, por su singular desarrollo en la rama cervecera. El presente trabajo aborda la manera como se financió el desarrollo mostrando una visión de largo alcance que permite identificar los momentos históricos con distintas estrategias de financiamiento

Depressive symptomatology and grief in Spanish women who have suffered a perinatal loss

Perinatal grief differs from other types of mourning. Two goals were set: to describe the progression of the process of grief and the symptoms of depression throughout the year following perinatal loss, and to study its association with socio-economic and obstetric factors. Method: The study involved the participation of 70 women who had suffered a medical termination of pregnancy or a prenatal/postnatal death. Three assessments were made after the loss (after 1 month, 6 months and 1 year) with the Perinatal Grief Scale (PGS) to assess grief and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) for depressive symptomatology. Results: Symptoms pertaining to grief and depression were observed in the first month after the loss, and a significant decrease in scores over the two follow-ups. No significant differences were observed in grief and depression depending on the type of loss, no significant associations were found with the age of the mother, her socioeconomic level, or obstetric factors (week of gestation of the loss, having a child or having suffered a previous miscarriage). Conclusions: Perinatal grief is a complex construct, with multiple variables involved, and one which involves significant emotional discomfort.El duelo perinatal difiere de otros tipos de duelo. Se plantearon dos objetivos: describir la evolución del proceso de duelo y la sintomatología depresiva a lo largo del año que sigue a la pérdida perinatal y estudiar su asociación con factores socioeconómicos y obstétricos. Método: participaron 70 mujeres que habían sufrido una interrupción médica del embarazo o una muerte prenatal/postnatal y se realizaron tres evaluaciones tras la pérdida (1 mes, 6 meses y 1 año) con la Perinatal Grief Scale (PGS) para evaluar el duelo y el Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) para la sintomatología depresiva. Resultados: se observó sintomatología propia del duelo y depresiva en el primer mes de la pérdida y una disminución significativa de las puntuaciones a lo largo de los dos seguimientos. No se observaron diferencias significativas en el duelo y la depresión en función del tipo de pérdida, ni se encontraron asociaciones signifi cativas con la edad de la madre y su nivel socioeconómico o los factores obstétricos (semana de gestación de la pérdida, tener un hijo o haber padecido un aborto previo). Conclusiones: el duelo perinatal es un constructo complejo, con múltiples variables implicadas y que comporta un malestar emocional significativo

Política fiscal e industria en Monterrey (1940-1960)

Tesis (Maestría en Metodología de las Ciencias) UANL.UANLhttp://www.uanl.mx

Estrategias de responsabilidad social corporativa en América Latina: un análisis de contenido en la industria extractiva

Latin American countries are rich in natural resources. In this regard, the extractive industry in the region is globally important. Consequently, the aim of this paper is to analyze the presence of the dimensions of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the strategies of the main extractive companies in Latin America, which include those listed in the ranking from “The greatest 500 companies of Latin America” from America Economía Magazine. In order to reach this assessment, a qualitative technique utilizing content analysis was carried out using the corporate web pages as a source of data. In addition, a matrix using 13 dimensions of CSR was developed to guide the research. 76 firms were identified from the extractive industry in Latin America, operating only in the mining and oil sectors. The main findings suggest that the majority of firms consider at least two dimensions of CSR, and that those such as the sustainable development and environment were those mentioned most. By country, Colombia shows the highest percentage of presence for these dimensions (86.2%). In addition, EXXONMOBIL and Carbones el Cerrejon (that operate in Colombia) include 100% of the dimensions. Future research will be important in order to analyze the extent to which the dimensions are fulfilled in practice, and to carry out comparative studies with other regions and industries.Los países latinoamericanos son ricos en recursos naturales. En este orden de ideas la industria extractiva de la región es importante a nivel mundial. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la presencia de las dimensiones de la Responsabilidad Social Corporativa (RSC) en las estrategias de las principales empresas extractivas en América Latina incluidas en el ranking “Las 500 mayores empresas de América Latina” de la revista América Economía. Para alcanzar este objetivo se utilizó una técnica cualitativa de análisis de contenido usando como fuentes de datos las páginas corporativas. Además una matriz de 13 dimensiones de RSC fue desarrollada para guiar esta investigación. Fueron identificadas 76 empresas de la industria extractiva en América Latina que operan únicamente en los sectores petroleros y mineros. Los principales hallazgos sugieren que el total de las compañías consideran al menos dos dimensiones de RSC y las dimensiones tales como desarrollo sustentable y medio ambiente fueron las más mencionadas. Asimismo por país Colombia muestra los más altos porcentajes de presencia de las dimensiones (86.2%). Además, EXXONMOBIL y Carbones el Cerrejón (que opera en Colombia) tienen el 100% de las dimensiones. Como futuras investigaciones es importante analizar el grado en el cuál las dimensiones son realmente cumplidas en la práctica y llevar a cabo estudios comparativos con otras regiones e industrias

International strategy of the 500 largest firms in Latin America: an analysis from its mission and vision

A mission and vision well designed are important for the business strategy. In addition, the Latin American firms are a relevant topic, but sub-studied in literature about international business. Thus, the main aim of this paper is identify the presence of international strategy (IS) in the strategic approaches of the 500 largest firms from Latin America. For this purpose, a qualitative technique of content analysis was carried out in official web pages of these firms. Several keywords were analyzed to locate the presence or absence of the IS. These words are: multinational, global, international, internationalization, world, worldwide, among others. With this, 375 firms were identified that mention the IE either its mission, vision or both. Likewise, this sample was subdivided in private firms (338) and state firms (37). The results indicate that the studied firms do not consider mostly the IE in the mission and vision. Another important finding is that companies consider the IS mostly in their vision. In adittion, another important finding is the increased presence of inclusion of IS in the vision of state companies (64.86%) above their private peers. Keywords: international strategy, Latin America, mission, vision, strategic approaches. JEL Classification: M15, M1

Intervención cognitivo-conductual en imagen corporal

En este artículo se presenta una revisión de las intervenciones sobre el trastorno de la Imagen Corporal y, a continuación, la aplicación de la terapia cognitivo-conductual en una muestra de estudiantes de la UAB. La evaluación inicial, final y durante el seguimiento con el Cuestionario de la figura corporal» (Cooper et al, 1987), la «Entrevista para el trastorno dismórfico corporal» (Rosen y Reiter, 1995), la «Entrevista para los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria» (Fairburn y Wilson, 1993), la «Escala de autoestima de Rosenberg» (Rosenberg, 1979), el «Inventario breve de síntomas» (Degoratis y Spencer, 1982) y el «Inventario de depresión de Beck» (Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock y Erbaugh., 1961) muestran la eficacia del tratamientoThe present article shows a review of interventions regarding Body Image Disorder (Body Dysmorphic Disorder) as well as an application of a cognitive-behavioral intervention with university students. The assesment at the pre and posttreatment and at the follow-up with the Body Shape Questionnaire (Cooper, Taylor, Cooper and Fairburn et al, 1987), the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination (Rosen and Reiter, 1995) the Eating Disorder Examination (Fairburn y Wilson, 1993) the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1979), the Brief Symptom Inventory (Degoratis and Spencer, 1982) and the Beck Depresión Inventory (Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, and Erbaugh., 1961) show the effectiveness of the treatmen

Early immune factors associated with the development of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized and non-hospitalized individuals

BackgroundInfection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can lead to post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) that can persist for weeks to years following initial viral infection. Clinical manifestations of PASC are heterogeneous and often involve multiple organs. While many hypotheses have been made on the mechanisms of PASC and its associated symptoms, the acute biological drivers of PASC are still unknown.MethodsWe enrolled 494 patients with COVID-19 at their initial presentation to a hospital or clinic and followed them longitudinally to determine their development of PASC. From 341 patients, we conducted multi-omic profiling on peripheral blood samples collected shortly after study enrollment to investigate early immune signatures associated with the development of PASC.ResultsDuring the first week of COVID-19, we observed a large number of differences in the immune profile of individuals who were hospitalized for COVID-19 compared to those individuals with COVID-19 who were not hospitalized. Differences between individuals who did or did not later develop PASC were, in comparison, more limited, but included significant differences in autoantibodies and in epigenetic and transcriptional signatures in double-negative 1 B cells, in particular.ConclusionsWe found that early immune indicators of incident PASC were nuanced, with significant molecular signals manifesting predominantly in double-negative B cells, compared with the robust differences associated with hospitalization during acute COVID-19. The emerging acute differences in B cell phenotypes, especially in double-negative 1 B cells, in PASC patients highlight a potentially important role of these cells in the development of PASC

Mammographic density and ageing:A collaborative pooled analysis of cross-sectional data from 22 countries worldwide

BACKGROUND: Mammographic density (MD) is one of the strongest breast cancer risk factors. Its age-related characteristics have been studied in women in western countries, but whether these associations apply to women worldwide is not known. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We examined cross-sectional differences in MD by age and menopausal status in over 11,000 breast-cancer-free women aged 35-85 years, from 40 ethnicity- and location-specific population groups across 22 countries in the International Consortium on Mammographic Density (ICMD). MD was read centrally using a quantitative method (Cumulus) and its square-root metrics were analysed using meta-analysis of group-level estimates and linear regression models of pooled data, adjusted for body mass index, reproductive factors, mammogram view, image type, and reader. In all, 4,534 women were premenopausal, and 6,481 postmenopausal, at the time of mammography. A large age-adjusted difference in percent MD (PD) between post- and premenopausal women was apparent (-0.46 cm [95% CI: -0.53, -0.39]) and appeared greater in women with lower breast cancer risk profiles; variation across population groups due to heterogeneity (I2) was 16.5%. Among premenopausal women, the √PD difference per 10-year increase in age was -0.24 cm (95% CI: -0.34, -0.14; I2 = 30%), reflecting a compositional change (lower dense area and higher non-dense area, with no difference in breast area). In postmenopausal women, the corresponding difference in √PD (-0.38 cm [95% CI: -0.44, -0.33]; I2 = 30%) was additionally driven by increasing breast area. The study is limited by different mammography systems and its cross-sectional rather than longitudinal nature. CONCLUSIONS: Declines in MD with increasing age are present premenopausally, continue postmenopausally, and are most pronounced over the menopausal transition. These effects were highly consistent across diverse groups of women worldwide, suggesting that they result from an intrinsic biological, likely hormonal, mechanism common to women. If cumulative breast density is a key determinant of breast cancer risk, younger ages may be the more critical periods for lifestyle modifications aimed at breast density and breast cancer risk reduction

Experience of parents who have suffered a perinatal death in two Spanish hospitals: a qualitative study

Background: Perinatal grief is a process that affects families in biological, psychological, social and spiritual terms. It is estimated that every year there are 2.7 million perinatal deaths worldwide and 4.43 deaths for every 1000 births in Spain. The aim of this study is to describe and understand the experiences and perceptions of parents who have suffered a perinatal death. Methods: A qualitative study based on Gadamer’s hermeneutic phenomenology. The study was conducted in two hospitals in the South of Spain. Thirteen mothers and eight fathers who had suffered a perinatal death in the 5 years prior to the study participated in this study. In-depth interviews were carried out for data collection. Inductive analysis was used to find themes based on the data. Results: Eight sub-themes emerged, and they were grouped into three main themes: ‘Perceiving the threat and anticipating the baby’s death: “Something is going wrong in my pregnancy”’; ‘Emotional outpouring: the shock of losing a baby and the pain of giving birth to a stillborn baby’; “We have had a baby”: The need to give an identity to the baby and legitimise grief’. Conclusion: The grief suffered after a perinatal death begins with the anticipation of the death, which relates to the mother’s medical history, symptoms and premonitions. The confirmation of the death leads to emotional shock, characterised by pain and suffering. The chance to take part in mourning rituals and give the baby the identity of a deceased baby may help in the grieving and bereavement process. Having empathy for the parents and notifying them of the death straightaway can help ease the pain. Midwives can help in the grieving process by facilitating the farewell rituals, accompanying the family, helping in honouring the memory of the baby, and supporting parents in giving the deceased infant an identity that makes them a family member