Penentuan kadar total fenolik, total flavonoid, dan uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun kerai payung (Filicium decipiens) terhadap bakteri Propionibacterium acnes dan Staphylococcus epidermis

Tanaman kerai payung (Filicium decipiens) merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan alternatif dalam pembuatan obat. Tanaman ini mengandung berbagai senyawa metabolit sekunder seperti senyawa fenolik, flavonoid, tanin, alkaloid, saponin dan terpenoid. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan kadar total fenolik, total flavonoid ekstrak etanol daun Filicium decipiens serta aktivitasnya terhadap bakteri Propionibacterium acnes dan Staphylococcus epidermis. Ekstrak etanol daun Filicium secipiens diperoleh melalui metode ekstraksi secara maserasi dengan pelarut etanol. Kadar total fenolik dan flavonoid ekstrak etanol daun Filicium decipiens ditentukan dengan menggunakan metode spektrofotometri UV-Visible. Penentuan kadar total fenolik dan flavonoid masing-masing menggunakan pereaksi Folin-Ciocalteau dan . Ekstrak dibuat dalam variasi konsentrasi (25%,50%%,100%) dan dilakukan pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dengan menggunakan metode difusi cakram. Berdasarkan pada hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa kadar total fenolik dan flavonoid ekstrak etanol daun Kerai Payung masing-masing adalah 234,79 mg/GAE/g dan 4,5905 mg/QE/g. Hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri pada berbagai variasi konsentrasi ekstrak terhadap bakteri Propionibacterium acnes dan Staphylococcus epidermis diperoleh masing-masing zona hambat terbesar pada konsentrasi ekstrak 100% yaitu 17,72 mm untuk Propionibacterium acnes dan 18,18 mm untuk Staphylococcus epidermis. Zona hambat yang dihasilkan tersebut tergolong kuat

Risks of Tailings Dams Failure

Risk and Reliability in Geotechnical Engineerin

Literasi Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Kurikulum Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan di Perguruan Tinggi

Undang-Undang No. 12 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional dan Undang-Undang No. 12 tentang Pendidikan Tinggi menetapkan empat mata kuliah wajib nasional, yakni mata kuliah Agama, Bahasa Indonesia, Pancasila, dan PKn wajib diajarkan kepada mahasiswa di seluruh Indonesia. Mata kuliah PKn diyakini mampu meningkatkan kesadaran yang tinggi terhadap identitas nasional dan memiliki jiwa patriot terhadap tanah air. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif dan pendekatan analisis normatif tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji hubungan hak asasi manusia dan kewarganegaran demokratis melalui kurikulum PKn. Kesimpulannya, perbaikan dan penguatan kurikulum PKn harus dilakukan secara sistematis dan berkesinambungan dengan berpijak pada paradigma membangun kecerdasan hak asasi manusia. Pergeseran paradigma kurikulum PKn wajib dievaluasi dan dilekatkan dengan upaya-upaya kecerdasan hak asasi manusia dalam peningkatan kehidupan kewaraganegaraan demokratis khususnya bagi mahasiswa sebagai warga negara muda Indonesia

Symptomatic Isolated Pleural Effusion as an Atypical Presentation of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) presents in ~33% of ovarian stimulation cycles with clinical manifestations varying from mild to severe. Its pathogenesis is unknown. Pleural effusion is reported in ~10% of severe OHSS cases and is usually associated with marked ascites. The isolated finding of pleural effusions without ascites, as the main presenting symptom of OHSS is not frequently reported and its pathogenesis is also unknown. We describe two unusual cases of OHSS where dyspnea secondary to unilateral pleural effusion was the only presenting symptom. By reporting our experience, we would like to heighten physicians' awareness in detecting these cases early, as it is our belief that the incidence of pleural effusion in the absence of most commonly recognized risk factors for OHSS may be underestimated and may significantly compromise the health of the patient if treatment is not initiated in a reasonable amount of time

Introduction: Meeting in the Middle

Compromise is routinely evoked in everyday language and in scholarly debates across the social sciences. Yet, it has been subjected to relatively little systematic study. The introduction to this inter-disciplinary volume addresses the research gap in three steps. First, we offer three reasons for the study of compromise: its empirical omnipresence in politics, its theoretical potential to bridge the rationalist-constructivist divide, and its normative promise to recognize the plurality of society. Second, we introduce different approaches to the coherence, legitimacy and limits of compromise found in the existing explanatory and normative literatures. We discuss why these literatures need to speak to one another, and identify possible applications in empirical research. Third, we conceptualize compromise as one possible solution to a conflict. Distinct from both dissensus and consensus, all compromises share three characteristics: concessions, non-coercion and continued controversy. However, different types of compromise can be distinguished by how mutual, costly and painful concessions are; by whether all forms of coercion are absent; and by the degree to which the relevant parties’ grounds for conflict are transformed. We conclude by discussing the challenge and appeal of ‘politics as compromise’ in plural and complex societies

Probabilistic Prediction of Lifetimes of Ceramic Parts

ANSYS/CARES/PDS is a software system that combines the ANSYS Probabilistic Design System (PDS) software with a modified version of the Ceramics Analysis and Reliability Evaluation of Structures Life (CARES/Life) Version 6.0 software. [A prior version of CARES/Life was reported in Program for Evaluation of Reliability of Ceramic Parts (LEW-16018), NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 20, No. 3 (March 1996), page 28.] CARES/Life models effects of stochastic strength, slow crack growth, and stress distribution on the overall reliability of a ceramic component. The essence of the enhancement in CARES/Life 6.0 is the capability to predict the probability of failure using results from transient finite-element analysis. ANSYS PDS models the effects of uncertainty in material properties, dimensions, and loading on the stress distribution and deformation. ANSYS/CARES/PDS accounts for the effects of probabilistic strength, probabilistic loads, probabilistic material properties, and probabilistic tolerances on the lifetime and reliability of the component. Even failure probability becomes a stochastic quantity that can be tracked as a response variable. ANSYS/CARES/PDS enables tracking of all stochastic quantities in the design space, thereby enabling more precise probabilistic prediction of lifetimes of ceramic components

A Vision for Ice Giant Exploration

From Voyager to a Vision for 2050: NASA and ESA have just completed a study of candidate missionsto Uranus and Neptune, the so-called ice giant planets. It is a Pre-Decadal Survey Study, meant to inform the next Planetary Science Decadal Survey about opportunities for missions launching in the 2020's and early 2030's. There have been no space flight missions to the ice giants since the Voyager 2 flybys of Uranus in 1986 and Neptune in 1989. This paper presents some conclusions of that study (hereafter referred to as The Study), and how the results feed into a vision for where planetary science can be in 2050. Reaching that vision will require investments in technology andground-based science in the 2020's, flight during the 2030's along with continued technological development of both ground- and space-based capabilities, and data analysis and additional flights in the 2040's. We first discuss why exploring the ice giants is important. We then summarize the science objectives identified by The Study, and our vision of the science goals for 2050. We then review some of the technologies needed to make this vision a reality

Bio-energy retains its mitigation potential under elevated CO2

Background If biofuels are to be a viable substitute for fossil fuels, it is essential that they retain their potential to mitigate climate change under future atmospheric conditions. Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration [CO2] stimulates plant biomass production; however, the beneficial effects of increased production may be offset by higher energy costs in crop management. Methodology/Main findings We maintained full size poplar short rotation coppice (SRC) systems under both current ambient and future elevated [CO2] (550 ppm) and estimated their net energy and greenhouse gas balance. We show that a poplar SRC system is energy efficient and produces more energy than required for coppice management. Even more, elevated [CO2] will increase the net energy production and greenhouse gas balance of a SRC system with 18%. Managing the trees in shorter rotation cycles (i.e. 2 year cycles instead of 3 year cycles) will further enhance the benefits from elevated [CO2] on both the net energy and greenhouse gas balance. Conclusions/significance Adapting coppice management to the future atmospheric [CO2] is necessary to fully benefit from the climate mitigation potential of bio-energy systems. Further, a future increase in potential biomass production due to elevated [CO2] outweighs the increased production costs resulting in a northward extension of the area where SRC is greenhouse gas neutral. Currently, the main part of the European terrestrial carbon sink is found in forest biomass and attributed to harvesting less than the annual growth in wood. Because SRC is intensively managed, with a higher turnover in wood production than conventional forest, northward expansion of SRC is likely to erode the European terrestrial carbon sink

Histological evidence for a supraspinous ligament in sauropod dinosaurs

Supraspinous ossified rods have been reported in the sacra of some derived sauropod dinosaurs. Although different hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origin ofthis structure, histological evidence has never been provided to support or reject any of them. In order to establish its origin, we analyse and characterize the microstructure of thesupraspinous rod of two sauropod dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina. The supraspinous ossified rod is almost entirely formed by dense Haversian bone. Remains ofprimary bone consist entirely of an avascular tissue composed of two types of fibre-like structures, which are coarse and longitudinally (parallel to the main axis of the element) oriented. These structures are differentiated on the basis of their optical properties under polarized light. Very thin fibrous strands are also observed in some regions. These small fibres are all oriented parallel to one another but perpendicular to the element main axis. Histological features of the primary bone tissue indicate that the sacral supraspinous rod corresponds to an ossified supraspinous ligament. The formation of this structure appears to have been a non-pathological metaplastic ossification, possibly induced by the continuous tensile forces applied to the element.Fil: Cerda, Ignacio Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro; ArgentinaFil: Casal, Gabriel. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia; ArgentinaFil: Martínez, Rubén Darío. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia ; ArgentinaFil: Ibiricu, Lucio Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentin