Influência da administração precoce de INFLIXIMAB na cicatrização de anastomose no cólon esquerdo de ratos com ou sem colite induzida

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, 2017.Objetivo: Avaliar a influência da utilização precoce do INFLIXIMAB sobre a cicatrização de anastomose no cólon esquerdo de ratos em um modelo experimental de colite, comparando a força de ruptura da anastomose e analisar a relação com a cicatrização da parede abdominal. Método: Trinta e dois ratos foram distribuídos em quatro grupos contendo 08 animais cada. Dois grupos (16 animais) foram submeditos a indução de colite por enema de ácido acético com dose de 3 ml por via retal, e dois grupos (16 animais) não sofreram indução de colite. Todos os ratos foram submetidos à laparotomia para exposição do cólon distal com secção do mesmo a cerca de 2,5 a 3,5 cm cranial à reflexão peritoneal e anastomose término-terminal do segmento. Tanto no grupo com colite induzida como no grupo sem colite, metade dos animais (8) receberam infliximab (IFX), 4 no 1 DPO e 4 no 3 DPO; e 8 receberam NaCl a 0,9%. No sétimo DPO foi realizada a pesagem dos animais e a re-laparotomia para colectomia, seguida de eutanásia. Foram avaliados a variação de peso, a força tensil de ruptura da anastomose e da parede abdominal, além de achados histopatológicos nas lâminas de anastomoses. Resultados: Nos animais com colite houve maior perda de peso em relação aos sem colite, mais acentuada nos que receberam IFX no 1o DPO (p=0,007). O IFX piorou a força tênsil de rutura da anastomose nos animais com colite quando administrado no 1o DPO (p=0,001), porém quando administrado no 3o DPO ou com placebo, o IFX melhorou a força de ruptura anastomótica nos animais com colite, sendo esta, maior do que os animais sem colite (p=0,001). Conclusão: O IFX prejudicou a cicatrização das anastomoses no cólon esquerdo de ratos com colite, quando administrado no 1o DPO. Quando administrado no 3o DPO ou com placebo houve uma inversão, com melhora nos valores de força de ruptura da anastomose em relação ao grupo sem colite.Objective: To evaluate the influence of the early use of INFLIXIMAB (IFX) on the anastomosis healing in the left colon of rats in an experimental model of acetic acid colitis induced, comparing the tensile strength of the anastomosis, and to analyze the relationship with the healing of the abdominal wall. Method: Thirty-two rats were divided into four groups containing 08 animals each. Two groups (16 rats) were carried out the induction of colitis by enema of acetic acid with dose of 3 ml, per rectally, with no induction of colitis in the other two groups (16 rats). All the rats were submitted to laparotomy for exposure of the distal colon and sectionated approximately 2.5 to 3.5 cm cranial from the peritoneal reflection and proceeded end-to-end anastomosis. In both groups, with and without colitis, half the animals (8) received infliximab administration,4 rats in the 1th POD and 4 in the 3th POD, and the other half (8) received NaCl solution0,9% administration. In the 7th POD the animals were weighed and relaparotomy was performed for colectomy followed by euthanasia. Were evaluated the weight variation, anastomosis and abdominal wall scar rupture tensile strength and histopathological findings by H-E stain. Results: In the animals with colitis, there was greater weight loss in relation to the without colitis group, more pronounced in who received IFX in the 1st POD (p=0.007). The IFX has deteriorated the rupture tensile strength of the anastomosis in the animals with colitis when administered in the 1st POD (p=0.001), but when administered in the 3rd POD or placebo, IFX has improved the anastomotic rupture tensile strength in animals with colitis, this being, greater than the animals without colitis (p=0.001). Conclusion: The Infliximab impaired the healing of anastomoses in the left colon of rats with colitis when administered in the 1st POD. When administered in the 3rd POD or when placebo was given, there was a reversal, with the improvement in the values of the breaking strength of the anastomosis in relation to the group without colitis

Toward high-resolution population genomics using archaeological samples

The term ‘ancient DNA’ (aDNA) is coming of age, with over 1,200 hits in the PubMed database, beginning in the early 1980s with the studies of ‘molecular paleontology’. Rooted in cloning and limited sequencing of DNA from ancient remains during the pre-PCR era, the field has made incredible progress since the introduction of PCR and next-generation sequencing. Over the last decade, aDNA analysis ushered in a new era in genomics and became the method of choice for reconstructing the history of organisms, their biogeography, and migration routes, with applications in evolutionary biology, population genetics, archaeogenetics, paleoepidemiology, and many other areas. This change was brought by development of new strategies for coping with the challenges in studying aDNA due to damage and fragmentation, scarce samples, significant historical gaps, and limited applicability of population genetics methods. In this review, we describe the state-of-the-art achievements in aDNA studies, with particular focus on human evolution and demographic history. We present the current experimental and theoretical procedures for handling and analysing highly degraded aDNA. We also review the challenges in the rapidly growing field of ancient epigenomics. Advancement of aDNA tools and methods signifies a new era in population genetics and evolutionary medicine research

Experimental and numerical investigation on spark ignition of linearly-arranged non-premixed swirling burners

The ignition characteristics of a non-premixed multiple-burner linear combustion chamber was investigated experimentally and numerically, focusing on the determination of the mechanisms driving flame propagation from burner to burner. For different inter-burner spacings, overall equivalence ratios and bulk velocities, measurements of the velocity field and the mixture fraction distribution have been performed, respectively, with laser doppler anemometry and planar laser-induced fluorescence of acetone in the un-ignited flow. It was shown that in every individual burner, gas mixes with air within a central recirculation zone (CRZ) where the mixture is flammable except in the axial central rich gas jet and the annular air jet. Flammable mixture from the CRZ is extracted by the annular jet and this results in the existence of bridges of positive flammability factor in the inter-burner region. These bridges allow flame fragments to travel from the CRZ of the ignited burner to the CRZ of the adjacent unignited one, leading to burner-to-burner flame propagation. The ignition probability that sparking within a burner results in ignition of the adjacent one was obtained by performing many separate ignition trials with a laser spark. Ignition probability contours were also computed using a previously developed stochastic low-order ignition model and a large eddy simulation (LES) time-averaged solution of the cold flow. The quantification of the probability a flame kernel leads to burner ignition explained the differences existing between experimental results and the model. The results presented in this article extend our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the global ignition behavior of non-premixed annular combustion chambers.The authors gratefully acknowledge financial assistance from the EPSRC

Sex specific associations in genome wide association analysis of renal cell carcinoma.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has an undisputed genetic component and a stable 2:1 male to female sex ratio in its incidence across populations, suggesting possible sexual dimorphism in its genetic susceptibility. We conducted the first sex-specific genome-wide association analysis of RCC for men (3227 cases, 4916 controls) and women (1992 cases, 3095 controls) of European ancestry from two RCC genome-wide scans and replicated the top findings using an additional series of men (2261 cases, 5852 controls) and women (1399 cases, 1575 controls) from two independent cohorts of European origin. Our study confirmed sex-specific associations for two known RCC risk loci at 14q24.2 (DPF3) and 2p21(EPAS1). We also identified two additional suggestive male-specific loci at 6q24.3 (SAMD5, male odds ratio (ORmale) = 0.83 [95% CI = 0.78-0.89], Pmale = 1.71 × 10-8 compared with female odds ratio (ORfemale) = 0.98 [95% CI = 0.90-1.07], Pfemale = 0.68) and 12q23.3 (intergenic, ORmale = 0.75 [95% CI = 0.68-0.83], Pmale = 1.59 × 10-8 compared with ORfemale = 0.93 [95% CI = 0.82-1.06], Pfemale = 0.21) that attained genome-wide significance in the joint meta-analysis. Herein, we provide evidence of sex-specific associations in RCC genetic susceptibility and advocate the necessity of larger genetic and genomic studies to unravel the endogenous causes of sex bias in sexually dimorphic traits and diseases like RCC

Genetic Variants Related to Longer Telomere Length are Associated with Increased Risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Relative telomere length in peripheral blood leukocytes has been evaluated as a potential biomarker for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk in several studies, with conflicting findings. OBJECTIVE: We performed an analysis of genetic variants associated with leukocyte telomere length to assess the relationship between telomere length and RCC risk using Mendelian randomization, an approach unaffected by biases from temporal variability and reverse causation that might have affected earlier investigations. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Genotypes from nine telomere length-associated variants for 10 784 cases and 20 406 cancer-free controls from six genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of RCC were aggregated into a weighted genetic risk score (GRS) predictive of leukocyte telomere length. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Odds ratios (ORs) relating the GRS and RCC risk were computed in individual GWAS datasets and combined by meta-analysis. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Longer genetically inferred telomere length was associated with an increased risk of RCC (OR=2.07 per predicted kilobase increase, 95% confidence interval [CI]:=1.70-2.53, p0.5) with GWAS-identified RCC risk variants (rs10936599 and rs9420907) from the telomere length GRS; despite this exclusion, a statistically significant association between the GRS and RCC risk persisted (OR=1.73, 95% CI=1.36-2.21, p<0.0001). Exploratory analyses for individual histologic subtypes suggested comparable associations with the telomere length GRS for clear cell (N=5573, OR=1.93, 95% CI=1.50-2.49, p<0.0001), papillary (N=573, OR=1.96, 95% CI=1.01-3.81, p=0.046), and chromophobe RCC (N=203, OR=2.37, 95% CI=0.78-7.17, p=0.13). CONCLUSIONS: Our investigation adds to the growing body of evidence indicating some aspect of longer telomere length is important for RCC risk. PATIENT SUMMARY: Telomeres are segments of DNA at chromosome ends that maintain chromosomal stability. Our study investigated the relationship between genetic variants associated with telomere length and renal cell carcinoma risk. We found evidence suggesting individuals with inherited predisposition to longer telomere length are at increased risk of developing renal cell carcinoma

The influence of obesity-related factors in the etiology of renal cell carcinoma-A mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: Several obesity-related factors have been associated with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but it is unclear which individual factors directly influence risk. We addressed this question using genetic markers as proxies for putative risk factors and evaluated their relation to RCC risk in a mendelian randomization (MR) framework. This methodology limits bias due to confounding and is not affected by reverse causation. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Genetic markers associated with obesity measures, blood pressure, lipids, type 2 diabetes, insulin, and glucose were initially identified as instrumental variables, and their association with RCC risk was subsequently evaluated in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 10,784 RCC patients and 20,406 control participants in a 2-sample MR framework. The effect on RCC risk was estimated by calculating odds ratios (ORSD) for a standard deviation (SD) increment in each risk factor. The MR analysis indicated that higher body mass index increases the risk of RCC (ORSD: 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.44-1.70), with comparable results for waist-to-hip ratio (ORSD: 1.63, 95% CI 1.40-1.90) and body fat percentage (ORSD: 1.66, 95% CI 1.44-1.90). This analysis further indicated that higher fasting insulin (ORSD: 1.82, 95% CI 1.30-2.55) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP; ORSD: 1.28, 95% CI 1.11-1.47), but not systolic blood pressure (ORSD: 0.98, 95% CI 0.84-1.14), increase the risk for RCC. No association with RCC risk was seen for lipids, overall type 2 diabetes, or fasting glucose. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides novel evidence for an etiological role of insulin in RCC, as well as confirmatory evidence that obesity and DBP influence RCC risk

The cell biology of DNA methylation in mammals

AbstractIn this review, we will provide a brief reminder of epigenetic phenomena in general, and DNA methylation in particular. We will then underline the characteristics of the in vivo organization of the genome that limit the applicability of in vitro results. We will use several examples to point out the connections between DNA methylation and nuclear architecture. Finally, we will outline some of the hopes and challenges for future research in the field. The study of DNA methylation, its effectors, and its roles, illustrates the complementarity of in vitro approaches and cell biology

Transcriptome sequencing revealed differences in the response of renal cancer cells to hypoxia and CoCl2 treatment [version 1; referees: 2 approved]

Human cancer cells are subjected to hypoxic conditions in many tumours. Hypoxia causes alterations in the glycolytic pathway activation through stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Currently, two approaches are commonly used to model hypoxia: an alternative to generating low-oxygen conditions in an incubator, cells can be treated with CoCl2. We performed RNA-seq experiments to study transcriptomes of human Caki-1 cells under real hypoxia and after CoCl2 treatment. Despite causing transcriptional changes of a much higher order of magnitude for the genes in the hypoxia regulation pathway, CoCl2 treatment fails to induce alterations in the glycolysis / gluconeogenesis pathway. Moreover, CoCl2 caused aberrant activation of other oxidoreductases in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism pathways