Análise metabólica do crossfit® : resposta energética dos diferentes benchmarks (WOD'S)

INTRODUÇÃO: O CrossFit é caracterizado por movimentos funcionais constantemente variados realizados a uma intensidade elevada. Apesar da sua popularidade, os dados científicos sobre a sua prática e efeitos são escassos. Logo, o objetivo desta investigação foi: 1) Caracterizar a resposta fisiológica a tarefas típicas de CrossFit®; 2) Averiguar o efeito de um período de treino de CrossFit® nas capacidades aeróbia e anaeróbia. MÉTODOS: Participaram 12 atletas do sexo masculino no estudo I (Idade: 28,67 ± 5anos; Peso: 75,34 ± 8,26kg; Altura: 175,5 ± 6,10cm; %MG: 10,64 ± 3,30%; MIG: 65,07 ± 6,10kg; ̇O2PICO: 49,33 ± 4,23ml.kg- 1min-1) e 8 atletas no estudo II (Idade: 28,62 ± 7,63anos; Peso: 78,39 ± 10,03kg; Altura: 175,9 ± 4,28cm; %MG: 12,51 ± 5,33%; MIG: 65,05 ± 4,85kg; ̇O2PICO: 48,88 ± 4,91ml.kg-1min-1;). O estudo 1 envolveu a caraterização da resposta fisiológica a duas tarefas típicas da modalidade, executados de modo a que o tempo da sua realização seja o mínimo possível, (Wod1: 3x (500metros em remoergómetro + 12 x Peso Morto + 21 saltos para a caixa com 61cm e Wod2: (21 x Peso Morto + 21 x “HSPU”) + (15 x Peso Morto + 15 x “HSPU”) + (9 x Peso Morto + 9 x “HSPU”) e a verificação da sua associação com parâmetros da capacidade aeróbia e anaeróbia para o que realizaram dois testes laboratoriais, um progressivo máximo e supramáximo. Nos testes laboratoriais, todos os atletas foram avaliados em passadeira, sendo as trocas gasosas quantificadas com a utilização de um analisador portátil (Metamax 3B, Cortex, Alemanha). A concentração de lactato no sangue [La-] foi medida usando o dispositivo portátil Lactate Pro 2™ (Arkray, Koji, Japão). A estimativa do custo aeróbio foi realizada a partir do volume de oxigénio acumulado utilizado durante a tarefa (WAER). A estimação da componente anaeróbia lática (W[La-]) foi realizada levando em conta o gradiente de lactatemia antes e depois do esforço a caracterizar. O custo anaeróbio alático (WALA) foi calculado a partir da fase rápida da curva de V̇ O2 de recuperação (EPOCRAPIDO). De modo a modelar a curva do V̇O2 (ml.kg-1.min- 1) para estimação da respetiva cinética, os dados foram recolhidos no modo “respiração a respiração” e sujeitos a uma modelação monoexponencial. No estudo 2 foram determinados os mesmos parâmetros fisiológicos antes e após 6 semanas de treino de CrossFit® tipificado e após 3 semanas de destreino. Foi ainda avaliado, nos mesmos momentos, o desempenho e a resposta fisiológica ao Wod1. RESULTADOS: No estudo I, a contribuição energética relativa (WAER; W[La-] e WALA) foi, no Wod1, 73,75 ± 3,4%; 17,61 ± 3,9% e 8,63 ± 4,9%, e no Wod2 46,83 ± 13,5%, 36,45 ± 14,2% e 16,7 ± 8% manifestando predominância do sistema aeróbio em ambos. As diferenças são decorrentes da duração exigida para a realização de cada um. No Wod1 foi encontrada uma correlação positiva entre a DuraçãoTOT e a constante temporal da cinética do V̇O2(tp) (r=0.582; p = 0.046), denotando a importância das adaptações aeróbias musculares para o desempenho. No Wod2 o V̇O2PICO mostrou-se associado à DuraçãoTOT (r=0,635; p=0,027), provavelmente indicando que o melhor desempenho depende das adaptações anaeróbias dos indivíduos. Relativamente ao estudo II, foram verificadas diferenças significativas no teste progressivo em: ̇O2PICO (ml.kg-1.min-1) (p = 0,000; +4,6% [pré - pós]); ̇O2PICO (L.min-1) (p = 0,016; +4,3% [pré - pós]) and LV2 (p = 0,000; +4,4% [pré - pós]) e no teste supramáximo, em: ̇O2PICO (ml.kg-1min-1) p = 0.03; [+4,4%]) e no ̇O2PICO (L.min-1) p = 0.03; [+4.8%]). Ainda no supramáximo, verificou-se um decréscimo da capacidade anaeróbia dos momentos de pré e pós treino para o destreino (p = <0,05). No Wod1 observou-se uma melhoria na vi DuraçãoTOT do Wod1 (p=0.000 [-3.3%]) diminuição significativa na FCPICO (bat.min-1) (p=0.010[-4.69%]); %FCPICO (p=0.014 [-5,29%]); ̇O2PICO (p=0.009 [-7,38%]) . Simultaneamente, verificou-se um aumento da contribuição do WAER (p=0.028; [+4,45%]). Relativamente à ̇O2k (intensidade moderada), observaram-se diferenças significativas ao nível da Ap (p=0.042); tdp (p=0.023) do pré para o pós treino e do pré-treino para o destreino (p=0,017) e (p=0,022) respetivamente. Na ̇O2k na intensidade supramáxima verificaram-se diferenças do pós-treino e pré-treino para o destreino na Ap (p=0.030 [pós]; p=0,046[pré]); ̇O2PICO (ml.kg- 1.min-1) (p=0.043 [pós]; p=0,045[pré]). CONCLUSÃO: Tanto quanto sabemos este é o primeiro estudo a caracterizar a resposta fisiológica a tarefas típicas de CrossFit® e averiguar o efeito de um período de treino de CrossFit® nas capacidades aeróbia e anaeróbia. Os dados indicam uma alta taxa metabólica no CrossFit®. Embora os exercícios com cargas adicionais elevadas exijam intensidades quase máximas sendo dominantemente anaeróbias, o elevado volume dos exercícios tornam a exigência dos Wod’s mais dependente da capacidade anaeróbia, mas também da potência aeróbia. Quer sejam longos (>10min) ou curtos (<2:30min), os Wod’s promovem concentrações láticas muito altas. Os dados também mostram que seis semanas de CrossFit®, induzem mudanças positivas nos indicadores cardiorrespiratórios e metabólicos, e que um período de destreino de três semanas é suficiente para causar perdas significativas nestes mesmos indicadores, no desempenho, assim como alterações na composição corporal.PURPOSE: CrossFit is characterized by high intensity, constantly varied, functional movement. However, scientific data regarding the practice of CrossFit is sparse. Therefore, the aim of this study was to: 1) characterize the physiological response in different CrossFit® Wod's and 2) to evaluate training effect in six weeks on aerobic and anaerobic capacity’s. METHODS Twelve male athletes participated in study I (Age: 28,67 ± 5.00yrs; Height: 175,50 ± 6.10cm; Weight: 75,34 ± 8,26kg; %BF:10,64 ± 3,30%; FFM: 65,07 ± 6.10kg; V̇O2PEAK: 49,33 ± 4,23ml.kg-1min-1) and 8 athletes in the study II (Age: 28.62 ± 7.63 years; Weight: 78.39 ± 10,03kg; Height: 175.9 ± 4.28cm;%BF: 12.51 ± 5.33; FFM: 65,05 ± 4,85kg; V̇O2PEAK: 48.88 ± 4.91ml.kg-1min-1; 3,82 ± 0,33L.min-1). Study I involved characterization of physiological response to two typical workouts (Wod’s), performed as quickly as possible (Wod1: 3x (500m on an indoor rower + 12x Dead Lifts + 21x box jump at 61cm and Wod2 (21x Dead Lifts + 21x HandStand Push-Up “HSPU”) + (15x Dead Lifts + 15x “HSPU”) + (9x Dead Lifts + 9x “HSPU”) and identify its association with aerobic and anaerobic capacity parameters for which two laboratory tests were performed, a maximal incremental test and a supramaximal test (110% Maximal Aerobic Speed). In the laboratory test, all athletes were evaluated on a treadmill, where the gas exchanges being quantified with the use of a portable analyzer (Metamax 3B, Cortex, Germany). Blood lactate [La-] was measured using the Lactate Pro 2 ™ portable device (Arkray, Koji, Japan). The estimation of aerobic cost (WAER) was performed from the accumulated oxygen volume used during the task. The estimation of lactic anaerobic component (W[La-]) was performed by taking into account the gradient of lactatemia before and after the effort to be characterized. The alactic anaerobic component (WPCR) was calculated from the V̇ O2 fast recovery phase curve (EPOCFAST). In order to modelling V̇O2 kinetics curve, data were collected by breath-by-breath mode and exposed to a monoexponential modelling. In study II, the same physiological parameters were determined before and after 6 weeks of CrossFit® training, and after 3 detraining weeks. Was also assessed at the same period, the performance and physiological response to Wod1. RESULTS: In study I, the relative energy contribution (WAER; W[La-] e WPCR) was, in, Wod1, 73,75 ± 3,4%; 17,61 ± 3,9% e 8,63 ± 4,9%, e no Wod2 46,83 ± 13,5%, 36,45 ± 14,2% e 16,7 ± 8% revealing aerobic system predominance in both Wod’s. The differences are due to the duration required for each one. In Wod1, a positive correlation was found between TimeTOT and the time constant of V̇ O2 kinetics (tp) (r=0.582; p=0.046), indicating the meaning of aerobic muscular adaptations for the performance. In Wod2 V̇ O2PEAK was associated to TimeTOT (r=0,635; p=0,027), denoting probably that the best performance depends of the anaerobic adaptations of the athletes. Regarding to study II, significant differences were shown in the maximal incremental test in: V̇ O2PEAK (ml.kg-1.min-1) (p=0,000; +4,6%[pre - post]); V̇ O2PEAK (L.min-1) (p=0,016; 4,3%[pre - post]) and VT2 (p=0,000;4,4% [pre - post]), and in the supramaximal test in: V̇ O2PEAK (ml.kg-1min-1) p=0.03 [+4,4%]) e no V̇ O2PEAK (L.min-1)p=0.03 [+4.8%]). Yet, in the supramaximal test there was a decrease in the anaerobic capacity from pre and post training to detraining (DT)(p=<o.05). In Wod1, an improvement in TimeTOT (p=0.000 [-3.3%]) was observed; significant decrease in HRPEAK (bpm) (p=0.010 [-4.69%]); % HRPEAK (p=0.014 [-5,29%]); V̇O2PEAK (p=0.009 [-7,38%]). Simultaneously, there was an increase in WAER contribution (p=0.028; [+4,45%]). Concerning to à V̇O2k (moderate intensity), significant differences were observed at Ap iv (p=0,042); tdp (p=0,023) from pre to post training and from pre-training to DT (p=0,017); tdp (p=0,022) respectively. At V̇O2k (supramaximal intensity) showed significant differences from post and pre-training to detraining (DT) in Ap (p=0,030[post]; p=0.046[pre]); V̇O2PEAK (ml.kg-1.min-1) (p=0,043[post]; p=0.045 [pre]). CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize the physiological response to typical CrossFit® Wod’s and to investigate the effect of CrossFit® training period on aerobic and anaerobic capacity’s. Data indicate a high metabolic rate in CrossFit®. Although exercises with high additional loads require almost maximum intensities to be anaerobic dominance, the high volume of exercises makes the Wod’s supplies more anaerobic capacity dependence, but also aerobic power. Whether long (> 10min) or short (<2:30min), Wod's endorse very high lactic concentrations. Data also shows that six weeks of CrossFit® induce positive changes in cardiorespiratory and metabolic indicators and that three week detraining period is enough to cause significant losses in these same performance indicators as well as changes in body composition

Avaliação da intensidade de esforço no futebol : jogos reduzidos e limite de toques

Mestrado em Treino DesportivoO objectivo deste estudo foi analisar a Frequência Cardíaca Vs Percepção Subjectiva do Esforço em Jogos Reduzidos no Futebol (3x3– 30x20m; 4x4– 40x27m; 5X5– 50x34m), com Guarda-Redes (GR), com e sem limite de toques (dois por jogador), definindo respectivamente uma situação livre e uma situação limite. Seis jogadores de Futebol do género masculino do escalão sénior, participaram em todas as fases do estudo (Idade 23,3±3,55 anos; Altura 1.82±0,09cm; Peso 74,16±3,62 Kg; FCmáx. 201,6±2,80bpm). Cada situação de jogo reduzido teve a duração de três períodos de 4min com 2min de recuperação activa. A FC foi monitorizada com dez cardiofrequêncimetros Polar FT7. Os valores de FC foram, para os jogos de 3x3 livre: 169,6±4,26bpm; limite:176,05±3,17bpm, nos jogos de 4x4 livre: 161,6±10,9bpm; limite :181,8±5,14bpm e nos jogos de 5x5 livre: 167,0±8,42bpm; limite: 172,7±7,20bpm. Verificou-se a existência de diferenças significativas entre as situações livre e limite para os jogos de 4x4. Comparando os três jogos reduzidos, o jogo de 4x4 surge com níveis superiores de FC, embora as diferenças não sejam estatisticamente significativas (p=0,051 entre 4x4 limite e o 5x5 limite). A situação com limite de toques mostrou ter maior impacto do que a situação livre quer nos jogos de 3x3 e 4x4. O jogo de 4x4 apresentou níveis de intensidade mais elevado que os jogos 3x3 e 5x5 nos limites de toques. Deste estudo pode-se concluir que o 4x4 induz uma maior intensidade no treino

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Núcleos de Ensino da Unesp: artigos 2008

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

AMAZONIA CAMTRAP: A data set of mammal, bird, and reptile species recorded with camera traps in the Amazon forest

The Amazon forest has the highest biodiversity on Earth. However, information on Amazonian vertebrate diversity is still deficient and scattered across the published, peer-reviewed, and gray literature and in unpublished raw data. Camera traps are an effective non-invasive method of surveying vertebrates, applicable to different scales of time and space. In this study, we organized and standardized camera trap records from different Amazon regions to compile the most extensive data set of inventories of mammal, bird, and reptile species ever assembled for the area. The complete data set comprises 154,123 records of 317 species (185 birds, 119 mammals, and 13 reptiles) gathered from surveys from the Amazonian portion of eight countries (Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela). The most frequently recorded species per taxa were: mammals: Cuniculus paca (11,907 records); birds: Pauxi tuberosa (3713 records); and reptiles: Tupinambis teguixin (716 records). The information detailed in this data paper opens up opportunities for new ecological studies at different spatial and temporal scales, allowing for a more accurate evaluation of the effects of habitat loss, fragmentation, climate change, and other human-mediated defaunation processes in one of the most important and threatened tropical environments in the world. The data set is not copyright restricted; please cite this data paper when using its data in publications and we also request that researchers and educators inform us of how they are using these data