The substitution of Carrera Magisterial: a public policy learning process?

This article analyses the substitution process of the Carrera Magisterial (CM) Program by the new Programa de Promoción en la Función por Incentivos en Educación Básica (PPFIEB) in Mexico. These programs are based on an incentive scheme for elementary teachers in recognition to their work since 1992. Due to the absence of theoretical references in the field of the public policy in education, it is the aim of this article to find out if the adequacies to this economic incentive scheme respond to a policy-oriented learning process (SABATIER; EIBLE, 2007). A retrospective analysis of the teachers‟ professional policies has been conducted, specifically of the CM program and its changes from its creation in 1992 until its substitution in 2015. Based on our analysis it is concluded that it seems to exist a policy-oriented learning process in the substitution of the CM by the PPFIEB. However, there two relevant points to highlight here: first, CM has changed more for political reasons than for scientifically proven evidence. Second, the new Program (PPFIEB) seems to take into account part of this evidence but without a complete incorporation of it

The whole genome sequence of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), reveals insights into the biology and adaptive evolution of a highly invasive pest species

31 p.-11 fig.-2 tab.+ Erratum (2 p.) Papanikolaou, Alexie et al.Background: The Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata, is a major destructive insect pest due to its broad host range, which includes hundreds of fruits and vegetables. It exhibits a unique ability to invade and adapt to ecological niches throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world, though medfly infestations have been prevented and controlled by the sterile insect technique (SIT) as part of integrated pest management programs (IPMs). The genetic analysis and manipulation of medfly has been subject to intensive study in an effort to improve SIT efficacy and other aspects of IPM control.Results: The 479 Mb medfly genome is sequenced from adult flies from lines inbred for 20 generations. A highquality assembly is achieved having a contig N50 of 45.7 kb and scaffold N50 of 4.06 Mb. In-depth curation of more than 1800 messenger RNAs shows specific gene expansions that can be related to invasiveness and host adaptation, including gene families for chemoreception, toxin and insecticide metabolism, cuticle proteins, opsins, and aquaporins. We identify genes relevant to IPM control, including those required to improve SIT.Conclusions: The medfly genome sequence provides critical insights into the biology of one of the most serious and widespread agricultural pests. This knowledge should significantly advance the means of controlling the size and invasive potential of medfly populations. Its close relationship to Drosophila, and other insect species important to agriculture and human health, will further comparative functional and structural studies of insect genomes that should broaden our understanding of gene family evolutionSupport of this project was provided by the U.S. Department of Agriculture(USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), and National Institute of Food and Agriculture(NIFA)-Biotechnology Risk Assessment Grants Program (grant #2011-39211-30769 to AMH) for funding the initial phase of this project, and to the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) for funding the medfly genome sequencing, assembly and Maker 2.0 automated annotation as part of the i5K 30 genome pilot project (grant #U54 HG003273 to RAG). The NIH Intramural Research Program, National Library of Medicine funded the NCBI Gnomon annotation and the USDA-National Agricultural Library (NAL) provided support for the WebApollo curation website, with support for manual curation training (to MM-T) provided by NIGMS (grant #5R01GM080203),NHGRI (grant #5R01HG004483), and the U.S. Department of Energy(contract #DE-AC02-05CH11231). Support was provided for: toxin metabolism and insecticide resistance gene studies from MINECO,Spain (AGL2013-42632-R to FO and PH-C); microRNAs, horizontal gene transfer and bacterial contaminant studies from the European Social Fund and National Strategic Reference Framework-THALES (MIS375869 to KB, GT, AGH, and KM) and the U.S. National Science Foundation(DEB 1257053 to JHW); cuticle protein gene studies from USDA-NIFA(grant #2016-67012-24652 to AJR); sex-determination studies from L.R. Campania (grant 5/02, 2008 to GS); male reproduction and sexual differentiation studies from the FAO/IAEA (Technical Contract No: 16966 to GGa) and Cariplo IMPROVE (to FS); and programmed cell death gene studies and genomic data analysis (to MFS) from the Emmy Noether program, DFG(SCHE 1833/1-1) and the LOEWE Center for Insect Biotechnology & Bioresources grant of the Hessen State Ministry of Higher Education, Research and the Arts(HMWK), Germany and from the USDA-NIFA-Biotechnology Risk Assessment Grants Program (grant #2015-33522-24094 to AMH).Peer reviewe

Aterosclerosis: alternativas terapéuticas

La aterosclerosis es un proceso inflamatorio crónico que afecta a las arterias de diferentes lechos vasculares y que se caracteriza por el engrosamiento de la capa íntima y media con pérdida de la elasticidad. Su lesión básica es la placa de ateroma compuesta fundamentalmente de lípidos, tejido fibroso y células inflamatorias. Esta entidad constituye la primera causa de muerte en todo el mundo. Es objetivo de esta revisión determinar las principales alternativas terapéuticas de la aterosclerosis. La revisión de este tema mostró que los tratamientos con medidas dietéticas y cambios de estilo de vida, antioxidantes, estatinas, bloqueadores beta, inhibidores de la enzima conversiva de la angiotensina (IECA) y antagonistas de los canales del calcio resultan útiles para la enfermedad aterotrombóticas con independencia del lecho vascular afectado

Functional characterization and fitness cost of spinosad-resistant alleles in Ceratitis capitata

[EN] The sustainability of control programs for the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, for citrus crops in Spain has been threatened by the development of resistance to malathion and lambda-cyhalothrin in recent years. Spinosad is widely used without apparent loss of efficacy. However, a highly resistant strain, JW-100s, has been obtained after laboratory selection. Spinosad resistance in JW-100s has been associated with different mutant alleles of the alpha 6 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (Cc alpha 6) including an isoform-specific truncation allele, Cc alpha 6(3aQ68*). Using the GAL4 > UAS system in Drosophila melanogaster to demonstrate expression of this truncated alpha 6 subunit, in a d alpha 6 loss-of-function genetic background, does not rescue susceptibility to spinosad, while the expression of Cc alpha 6 wild-type isoforms does. We have also generated C. capitata isolines from JW-100s homozygous for: (1) the Cc alpha 6(3aQ68*Delta 3b-4) allele, which contains the mutation 3aQ68*, and (2) the Cc alpha 6(3aQ68*-K352*) allele, which contains the mutations 3aQ68* and K352*. Neither of these produce complete Cc alpha 6 transcripts. The frequency of resistant alleles declined when in competition with individuals carrying the wild-type allele. Through extensive testing of both biological and behavioral fitness traits, we identified a reduced ability of Cc alpha 6(3aQ68*Delta 3b-4) males to detect the parapheromone and to mate with females carrying the Cc alpha 6(3aQ68*-K352*) allele in competition experiments. Thus, not only the potential for spontaneous resistant mutations to arise in Cc alpha 6 but also their fitness costs must be considered when planning resistance management strategies for C. capitata.This work received financial support from CICYT (AGL2016-76516-R). The Spanish MINECO granted A. Guillem-Amat a predoc (BES-C-2014-068937) and a mobility (EEBB-I-16-11336) fellowships. We gratefully acknowledge Maria Torne (Dow Agro-Science Iberica) for providing technical grade spinosad, Charles Robin (University of Melbourne) for assisting with bureaucratic issues with the Australian Government, Tinna Yang (University of Melbourne) for the keeping and shipping of the flies and Sandra Vacas (Universitat Politecnica de Valencia) for the scientific advice on electroantennography.Guillem-Amat, A.; Ureña, E.; López-Errasquín, E.; Navarro-Llopis, V.; Batterham, P.; Sánchez, L.; Perry, T.... (2020). Functional characterization and fitness cost of spinosad-resistant alleles in Ceratitis capitata. Journal of Pest Science. 93(3):1043-1058. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-020-01205-xS10431058933Abbas N, Mansoor MM, Shad SA et al (2014) Fitness cost and realized heritability of resistance to spinosad in Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bull Entomol Res 104:707–715. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485314000522Abbott WS (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Entomol 18:265–267. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/18.2.265aAnstead CA, Korhonen PK, Young ND et al (2015) Lucilia cuprina genome unlocks parasitic fly biology to underpin future interventions. Nat Commun 6:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8344Arouri R, Le Goff G, Hemden H et al (2015) Resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin in Spanish field populations of Ceratitis capitata and metabolic resistance mediated by P450 in a resistant strain. Pest Manag Sci 71:1281–1291. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3924Bao WX, Narai Y, Nakano A et al (2014) Spinosad resistance of melon thrips, Thrips palmi, is conferred by G275E mutation in α6 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and cytochrome P450 detoxification. Pestic Biochem Physiol 112:51–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.04.013Baxter SW, Chen M, Dawson A et al (2010) Mis-spliced transcripts of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α6 are associated with field evolved spinosad resistance in Plutella xylostella (L.). PLoS Genet. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1000802Berger M, Puinean AM, Randall E et al (2016) Insecticide resistance mediated by an exon skipping event. Mol Ecol 25:5692–5704. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13882Bielza P, Quinto V, Fernandez E et al (2007) Genetics of spinosad resistance in Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). J Econ Entomol 100:916–920. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493(2007)100%5b916:gosrif%5d2.0.co;2Bielza P, Quinto V, Gravalos C et al (2008a) Lack of fitness costs of insecticide resistance in the western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). J Econ Entomol. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101%5b499:lofcoi%5d2.0.co;2Bielza P, Quinto V, Grávalos C et al (2008b) Stability of spinosad resistance in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) under laboratory conditions. Bull Entomol Res 98:355–359. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485308005658Bischof J, Maeda RK, Hediger M et al (2007) An optimized transgenesis system for Drosophila using germ-line-specific C31 integrases. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104:3312–3317. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0611511104Brand AH, Perrimon N (1993) Targeted gene expression as a means of altering cell fates and generating dominant phenotypes. Development 118:289–295. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.1331809Campos MR, Rodrigues ARS, Silva WM et al (2014) Spinosad and the tomato borer Tuta absoluta: a bioinsecticide, an invasive pest threat, and high insecticide resistance. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103235Cossé AA, Todd JL, Millar JG et al (1995) Electroantennographic and coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic responses of the mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, to male-produced volatiles and mango odor. J Chem Ecol 21:1823–1836Engebrecht J, Brent R, Kaderbhai MA (1991) Minipreps of plasmid DNA. Curr Protoc Mol Biol. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142727.mb0106s15Fayyazuddin A, Zaheer MA, Hiesinger PR, Bellen HJ (2006) The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Da7 is required for an escape behavior in Drosophila. PLoS Biol 4:0420–0431. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040063Ferguson JS (2004) Development and stability of insecticide resistance in the leafminer Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) to cyromazine, abamectin, and spinosad. J Econ Entomol 97:112–119. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-97.1.112Ffrench-Constant RH, Bass C (2017) Does resistance really carry a fitness cost? Curr Opin Insect Sci 21:39–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2017.04.011Geng C, Watson GB, Sparks TC (2013) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as spinosyn targets for insect pest management, 1st edn. Elsevier, AmsterdamHsu JC, Feng HT, Wu WJ et al (2012) Truncated transcripts of nicotinic acetylcholine subunit gene Bdα6 are associated with spinosad resistance in Bactrocera dorsalis. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 42:806–815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.07.010IRAC (2019) Arthropod pesticide resistance database. https://www.pesticideresistance.org/index.php. Accessed 16 May 2019Jang EB, Light DM, Binder RG et al (1994) Attraction of female mediterranean fruit flies to the five major components of male-produced pheromone in a laboratory flight tunnel. J Chem Ecol 20:9–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02065987Jin Y, Tian N, Cao J et al (2007) RNA editing and alternative splicing of the insect nAChR subunit alpha6 transcript: evolutionary conservation, divergence and regulation. BMC Evol Biol 7:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-7-98Jones AK, Raymond-Delpech V, Thany SH et al (2006) The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene family of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Genome Res 16:1422–1430. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.4549206Khan HAA, Akram W, Shad SA (2014) Genetics, cross-resistance and mechanism of resistance to spinosad in a field strain of Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). Acta Trop 130:148–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.11.006Li ZM, Liu SS, Liu YQ, Ye GY (2007) Temperature-related fitness costs of resistance to spinosad in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutelidae). Bull Entomol Res 97:627–635. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485307005366Li X, Wan Y, Yuan G et al (2017) Fitness trade-off associated with spinosad resistance in Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). J Econ Entomol 110:1755–1763. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/tox122Magaña C, Hernandez-Crespo P, Ortego F, Castañera P (2007) Resistance to malathion in field populations of Ceratitis capitata. J Econ Entomol 100:1836–1843. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493(2007)100%5b1836:rtmifp%5d2.0.co;2Magaña C, Hernández-Crespo P, Brun-Barale A et al (2008) Mechanisms of resistance to malathion in the medfly Ceratitis capitata. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 38:756–762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2008.05.001MAPA (2019) Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación. https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/. Accessed 12 Jun 2019Navarro-Llopis V, Primo J, Vacas S (2015) Bait station devices can improve mass trapping performance for the control of the Mediterranean fruit fly. Pest Manag Sci 71:923–927. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3864Okuma DM, Bernardi D, Horikoshi RJ et al (2018) Inheritance and fitness costs of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) resistance to spinosad in Brazil. Pest Manag Sci 74:1441–1448. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4829Perry T, Batterham P (2018) Harnessing model organisms to study insecticide resistance. Curr Opin Insect Sci 27:61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2018.03.005Perry T, McKenzie JA, Batterham P (2007) A D α6 knockout strain of Drosophila melanogaster confers a high level of resistance to spinosad. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 37:184–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2006.11.009Perry T, Batterham P, Daborn PJ (2011) The biology of insecticidal activity and resistance. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 41:411–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.03.003Perry T, Somers J, Yang YT, Batterham P (2015) Expression of insect α6-like nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in Drosophila melanogaster highlights a high level of conservation of the receptor: spinosyn interaction. 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Vitamin D Status in Hospitalized Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Background: The role of vitamin D status in COVID-19 patients is a matter of debate. Objectives: To assess serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and to analyze the possible influence of vitamin D status on disease severity. Methods: Retrospective case-control study of 216 COVID-19 patients and 197 population-based controls. Serum 25OHD levels were measured in both groups. The association of serum 25OHD levels with COVID-19 severity (admission to the intensive care unit, requirements for mechanical ventilation, or mortality) was also evaluated. Results: Of the 216 patients, 19 were on vitamin D supplements and were analyzed separately. In COVID-19 patients, mean ± standard deviation 25OHD levels were 13.8 ± 7.2 ng/mL, compared with 20.9 ± 7.4 ng/mL in controls (P < .0001). 25OHD values were lower in men than in women. Vitamin D deficiency was found in 82.2% of COVID-19 cases and 47.2% of population-based controls (P < .0001). 25OHD inversely correlates with serum ferritin (P = .013) and D-dimer levels (P = .027). Vitamin D-deficient COVID-19 patients had a greater prevalence of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases, raised serum ferritin and troponin levels, as well as a longer length of hospital stay than those with serum 25OHD levels ?20 ng/mL. No causal relationship was found between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 severity as a combined endpoint or as its separate components. Conclusions: 25OHD levels are lower in hospitalized COVID-19 patients than in population-based controls and these patients had a higher prevalence of deficiency. We did not find any relationship between vitamin D concentrations or vitamin deficiency and the severity of the disease.The Camargo Cohort Study was supported by grants from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI18/00762), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain, which included FEDER funds from the EU

Expression of Musashi-1 Increases in Bone Healing

The authors of this manuscript were partially supported by Research Groups #CTS-138 and #CTS-1028 (Junta de Andalucía, Spain). This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.All experiments were performed after the approval of the Committee on Animal Research of the University of Granada (CEEA 2014/357) and under the European Union and Spanish regulations for ethics in animal research (EU Directive 63/2010 and Spanish RD 53/2013) and reported following the ARRIVE guidelines.The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.The authors would especially like to acknowledge the contribution to the histochemical and immunohistochemical studies of Serafin Vélez García and Carmen Ruíz Guzmán, technicians in the Department of Surgery, and María Dolores Rodriguez, in the Department of Pathology and IBIMER of the University of Granada and Justin G. Davis for assistance with the writing style.Musashi-1 (MSI1) is an RNA-binding protein that regulates progenitor cells in adult and developing organisms to maintain self-renewal capacities. The role of musashi-1 in the bone healing environment and its relation with other osteogenic factors is unknown. In the current study, we analyze the expression of MSI1 in an experimental model of rat femoral bone fractures. We also analyze the relation between MSI1 expression and the expression of two osteogenic markers: periostin (POSTN) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2). We use histological, immunohistochemical, and qPCR techniques to evaluate bone healing and the expression of MSI1, POSTN, and RUNX2 over time (4, 7, and 14 days). We compare our findings with non-fractured controls. We find that in bone calluses, the number of cells expressing MSI1 and RUNX2 increase over time and the intensity of POSTN expression decreases over time. Within bone calluses, we find the presence of MSI1 expression in mesenchymal stromal cells, osteoblasts, and osteocytes but not in hypertrophic chondrocytes. After 14 days, the expression of MSI1, POSTN, and RUNX2 was significantly correlated. Thus, we conclude that musashi-1 potentially serves in the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells and bone healing. Therefore, further studies are needed to determine the possibility of musashi-1 ' s role as a clinical biomarker of bone healing and therapeutic agent for bone regeneration.Junta de Andalucia European Commission CTS-138 CTS-102

Standardised inventories of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of Macaronesia II: The native forests and dry habitats of Madeira archipelago (Madeira and Porto Santo islands)

Here we present the data obtained from the samples collected as part of a large research project (MACDIV) which aims at understanding the drivers of spider (Araneae) community assembly in Macaronesian islands. To obtain the data, we applied the sampling protocol COBRA (Conservation Oriented Biodiversity Rapid Assessment), in twelve 50 m x 50 m native forest plots and five dry habitat plots on the island of Madeiraand in 5 dry habitat plots on the island of Porto Santo. Through this publication, we contribute to the knowledge of the arachnofauna of the Madeiran archipelago.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A DNA barcode-assisted annotated checklist of the spider (Arachnida, Araneae) communities associated to white oak woodlands in Spanish National Parks

Background: A large scale semi-quantitative biodiversity assessment was conducted in white oak woodlands in areas included in the Spanish Network of National Parks, as part of a project aimed at revealing biogeographic patterns and identify biodiversity drivers. The semiquantitative COBRA sampling protocol was conducted in sixteen 1-ha plots across six national parks using a nested design. All adult specimens were identified to species level based on morphology. Uncertain delimitations and identifications due to either limited information of diagnostic characters or conflicting taxonomy were further investigated using DNA barcode information. New information: We identified 376 species belonging to 190 genera in 39 families, from the 8,521 adults found amongst the 20,539 collected specimens. Faunistic results include the discovery of 7 new species to the Iberian Peninsula, 3 new species to Spain and 11 putative new species to science. As largely expected by environmental features, the southern parks showed a higher proportion of Iberian and Mediterranean species than the northern parks, where the Palearctic elements were largely dominant. The analysis of approximately 3,200 DNA barcodes generated in the present study, corroborated and provided finer resolution to the morphologically based delimitation and identification of specimens in some taxonomically challenging families. Specifically, molecular data confirmed putative new species with diagnosable morphology, identified overlooked lineages that may constitute new species, confirmed assignment of specimens of unknown sexes to species and identified cases of misidentifications and phenotypic polymorphisms

Infecciones virales encubiertas en Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae) detección, distribución y coste biológico

La mosca mediterránea de la fruta, Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae), es una plaga agrícola capaz de atacar una gran variedad de frutas. Una de las principales estrategias para su gestión es la técnica del insecto estéril (TIE) que consiste en la cría masiva y posterior liberación en campo de machos estériles. La presencia de virus en C. capitata amenaza la cría masiva y la posterior aplicación de la TIE. Recientemente, ciertos virus se han relacionado con infecciones encubiertas en C. capitata

Caracterización edafológica con cultivo de agave azul (Agave tequilana Weber) en Tonaya y Tuxcacuesco, Jalisco, México

El cultivo del agave azul es de importancia económica en el estado de Jalisco, genera gran cantidad de empleos y es la principal fuente económica de varios municipios como es el caso de Tonaya y Tuxcacuesco. No obstante, en la actualidad se desconoce el estado edafológico de los suelos, se exhibe un limitado conocimiento de los factores que regulan el crecimiento del cultivo, lo que propicia que los rendimientos en el cultivo no se consideren óptimos. En este sentido, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el estado de la fertilidad de los suelos cultivados con agave azul en parcelas con distintas características (vírgenes y con varios ciclos de siembra) y diagnosticar su estado, en los municipios de Tonaya y Tuxcacuesco, con el fin de proponer prácticas de manejo y nutrición eficientes. Se analizaron los suelos en laboratorio, encontrándose las siguientes características; los resultados obtenidos evidencian que en promedio los suelos presentaron valores de pH de 7.7, la concentración de materia orgánica con promedio de 2.19%, en la mayoría de los sitios se encontraron deficiencias de nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio, clasificando a los suelos en la categoría de bajos a pobres en cuanto al contenido nutricional. Con base en los análisis estadísticos se demostró que no existen diferencias significativas entre los tipos de parcelas evaluadas, su contenido de materia orgánica y nutrientes. En cuanto a las prácticas de manejo se recomienda utilizar abonos orgánicos y el sistema de policultivo frijol, maíz y agave cuando el contexto agrícola y económico lo permitan