De l’intégration scolaire à l’inclusion scolaire: quels obstacles et quels leviers du point de vue des enseignants ordinaires ?

Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous avons choisi d’étudier le passage de l’intégration scolaire à l’inclusion scolaire. Nous nous sommes intéressées plus particulièrement aux obstacles et aux leviers qu’identifient les enseignants ordinaires à ce passage. Pour répondre à nos différentes questions de recherche, nous avons opté pour la méthode qualitative et la passation d’entretiens semi-directifs. A cet effet, nous nous sommes rendues auprès de huit enseignants ordinaires du canton de Fribourg. Tout d’abord, nous avons questionné le sens que donnent les enseignants ordinaires aux concepts d’intégration scolaire et d’’inclusion scolaire, puis comment ces mêmes enseignants voient le passage progressif entre les deux, les conditions et les obstacles à ce passage, et finalement, leurs besoins quant à cette transition. Ces entretiens nous ont permis de répondre à nos questions de recherche. Bien que les enseignants semblent penser que le passage de l’intégration scolaire à l’inclusion est souhaitable, ils énoncent passablement de conditions à mettre en place. Selon eux, ces dernières impliquent de nombreux changements à différents niveaux. Pour se sentir prêts à ce passage, les enseignants ordinaires interrogés énoncent divers besoins. Finalement, nous avons discuté les résultats en distinguant les obstacles et les leviers. Ceux-ci n’étant pas directement interrogés, nous les avons extraits des différents résultats

Drying colloidal systems: laboratory models for a wide range of applications

The drying of complex fluids provides a powerful insight into phenomena that take place on time and length scales not normally accessible. An important feature of complex fluids, colloidal dispersions and polymer solutions is their high sensitivity to weak external actions. Thus, the drying of complex fluids involves a large number of physical and chemical processes. The scope of this review is the capacity to tune such systems to reproduce and explore specific properties in a physics laboratory. A wide variety of systems are presented, ranging from functional coatings, food science, cosmetology, medical diagnostics and forensics to geophysics and art

Mechanical properties of milk protein skins layers after drying: understanding the mechanisms of particle formation from whey protein isolate and native phosphocaseinate

The spray drying of milk proteins usually leads to dry particles of which the final shape can influencesphysical and functional properties of powders. The aim of this study was to understand the mechanismsof particle formation by considering the mechanical properties of materials making up the two mainclasses of milk proteins: whey proteins and casein micelles. The progressive solidification of the interfaceof the droplet during drying time was studied by high speed camera and fluorescence microscopy, indifferent experimental conditions. The mechanical properties of the final protein materials were thencharacterized by micro indentation testing. The drying dynamics of whey protein and casein micelledroplets showed different timescales and mechanical lengths, whatever the drying conditions and thedroplet configurations, leading to typical mechanical instability at the surface i.e. buckling and fracture.The interface of casein micelles reached solegel transition earlier estimated at around 156 g.L 1following by elastic and plastic regimes in which the shell distorted and buckled to form a final wrinkledparticle. In contrast, the interface of whey proteins became elastic at only half the drying time estimatedat around 414 g.L 1, retaining a spherical shape, which finally fractured at the end of drying. The mechanicaldifference between the two plastic shells might be explained by the behaviour of proteins injamming conditions. Analogous behaviour could be discussed between the casein micelles and soft anddeformable colloids on the one hand, and between whey proteins and hard spheres on the other

Rilpivirine in HIV-1-positive women initiating pregnancy: to switch or not to switch?

International audienceBackgroundSafety data about rilpivirine use during pregnancy remain scarce, and rilpivirine plasma concentrations are reduced during second/third trimesters, with a potential risk of viral breakthroughs. Thus, French guidelines recommend switching to rilpivirine-free combinations (RFCs) during pregnancy.ObjectivesTo describe the characteristics of women initiating pregnancy while on rilpivirine and to compare the outcomes for virologically suppressed subjects continuing rilpivirine until delivery versus switching to an RFC.MethodsIn the ANRS-EPF French Perinatal cohort, we included women on rilpivirine at conception in 2010–18. Pregnancy outcomes were compared between patients continuing versus interrupting rilpivirine. In women with documented viral suppression (<50 copies/mL) before 14 weeks of gestation (WG) while on rilpivirine, we compared the probability of viral rebound (≥50 copies/mL) during pregnancy between subjects continuing rilpivirine versus those switching to RFC.ResultsAmong 247 women included, 88.7% had viral suppression at the beginning of pregnancy. Overall, 184 women (74.5%) switched to an RFC (mostly PI/ritonavir-based regimens) at a median gestational age of 8.0 WG. Plasma HIV-1 RNA nearest delivery was <50 copies/mL in 95.6% of women. Among 69 women with documented viral suppression before 14 WG, the risk of viral rebound was higher when switching to RFCs than when continuing rilpivirine (20.0% versus 0.0%, P = 0.046). Delivery outcomes were similar between groups (overall birth defects, 3.8/100 live births; pregnancy losses, 2.0%; preterm deliveries, 10.6%). No HIV transmission occurred.ConclusionsIn virologically suppressed women initiating pregnancy, continuing rilpivirine was associated with better virological outcome than changing regimen. We did not observe a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes