An investigation of macroamphiphile composition and biosynthesis in representative Actinomycete bacteria

Studies of the distribution of macroamphiphiles in Gram-positive bacteria are interesting in relation to understanding their functions and are of chemotaxonomic value at the supergeneric level. Previous studies have revealed the distribution of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) in the low G+C phylum Firmicutes and typically parallel that of the teichoic acid as a secondary cell wall polymer (SCWP). The present study had focused on the distribution of macroamphiphiles in the high G+C phylum Actinobacteria, where most previous studies have revealed liopglycans as the macroamphiphiles in various different lineages of the phylum. The present study has, for the first time, investigated macromaphiphiles in a thermophilic Actinobacterium, Thermobifida fusca. The study detected the presence of LTA, with detailed structural analysis. This confirms the compatibility of these macromolecules with membrane adaptation at higher temperatures. A second thermophilic Actinobacteria, Rubrobacter xylanophilus (which had moved recently to the most distant lineage of the phylum) was found to lack of typical macroamphiphiles. The present study also detected a novel LAM-like molecule in Kineococcus radiotolerans suggesting a close relationship between the distribution of LAM or LAM-like molecules and that of the SCWP, arabinogalactan (AG). The study also identified the presence both LTA and lipoglycan in two representatives of the genus Streptomyces (Streptomyces coelicolor and Streptomyces sp. DSM40537). This allows a re-evaluation of the hypothesis (Fischer, 1994) that a single type of major macroamphiphile is normally present in a single organism. Extending these findings, comparative genomic analyses suggest that the LTA biosynthesis pathway in Actinobacteria might be different from that in the Firmicutes. The alanine substitution pathway for LTA and teichoic acids (TA) was also found to be absent from the phylum Actinobacteria. Moreover, the comparative genomic analyses for Kineoccus radiotolerans were consistent with the practical results for this organism, illustrating the potential of predicting macroamphiphile composition utilizing genome databases. The study had also confirmed that the distribution of macroamphiphiles and SCWPs has importance chemotaxonomic value especially at the supra-generic level; it can be hypothesised from the study that: LTA containing Actinobacteria contain TA as a SCWP, whilst lipoglycan containing Actinobacteria generally contains other SCWPs, such as AG rather than TA

An investigation of macroamphiphile composition and biosynthesis in representative Actinomycete bacteria

Studies of the distribution of macroamphiphiles in Gram-positive bacteria are interesting in relation to understanding their functions and are of chemotaxonomic value at the supergeneric level. Previous studies have revealed the distribution of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) in the low G+C phylum Firmicutes and typically parallel that of the teichoic acid as a secondary cell wall polymer (SCWP). The present study had focused on the distribution of macroamphiphiles in the high G+C phylum Actinobacteria, where most previous studies have revealed liopglycans as the macroamphiphiles in various different lineages of the phylum. The present study has, for the first time, investigated macromaphiphiles in a thermophilic Actinobacterium, Thermobifida fusca. The study detected the presence of LTA, with detailed structural analysis. This confirms the compatibility of these macromolecules with membrane adaptation at higher temperatures. A second thermophilic Actinobacteria, Rubrobacter xylanophilus (which had moved recently to the most distant lineage of the phylum) was found to lack of typical macroamphiphiles. The present study also detected a novel LAM-like molecule in Kineococcus radiotolerans suggesting a close relationship between the distribution of LAM or LAM-like molecules and that of the SCWP, arabinogalactan (AG). The study also identified the presence both LTA and lipoglycan in two representatives of the genus Streptomyces (Streptomyces coelicolor and Streptomyces sp. DSM40537). This allows a re-evaluation of the hypothesis (Fischer, 1994) that a single type of major macroamphiphile is normally present in a single organism. Extending these findings, comparative genomic analyses suggest that the LTA biosynthesis pathway in Actinobacteria might be different from that in the Firmicutes. The alanine substitution pathway for LTA and teichoic acids (TA) was also found to be absent from the phylum Actinobacteria. Moreover, the comparative genomic analyses for Kineoccus radiotolerans were consistent with the practical results for this organism, illustrating the potential of predicting macroamphiphile composition utilizing genome databases. The study had also confirmed that the distribution of macroamphiphiles and SCWPs has importance chemotaxonomic value especially at the supra-generic level; it can be hypothesised from the study that: LTA containing Actinobacteria contain TA as a SCWP, whilst lipoglycan containing Actinobacteria generally contains other SCWPs, such as AG rather than TA.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

HEAVY METAL TOXICITY IN FISHES OF POLLUTED LAKES OF DHAKA CITYAND ITS IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH

The City of Dhaka is not built up plan wise from the beginning yet till date. The land uses are not following the urbanization rules correctly. Due to the laggings of proper water and air flow and basic treatment of household and industrial utilizing water, some of the major health issues are concerned. This research works is on the focus of heavy metal contamination in fishes of two major lakes in Dhaka city called Dhanmondi Lake and Gulshan Lake. The research is focusing mainly the study on Cr, Cd and Pb concentration in fishes along with other elements. Concentration of Cr is found in ranges of 3.45 μg/gm – 10.25 μg/gm, Cd is 2.17 μg/gm – 9.78 μg/gm and Pb is 1.132 – 7.102 μg/gm. The major element K and Ca with other trace elements are also projected. The data acquisition setup is calibrated using 2.2 MeV proton beam in the current ranges of 5nA to 15nA. The Van-de Graff Accelerator of Atomic Energy Centre, Dhaka has been used for sample irradiation. The IBA technique Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) has been applied using Si(Li) detector (SL30165) and other ORTEC nuclear electronics. The calibration and standardization of PIXE setup has been done using X-ray source, and IAEA standard CuSx (thin), Soil-7 (thick)

Elemental Study of Bangladeshi Fish Samples Using PIGE Technique

Proton induced gamma emission (PIGE) method has been developed at the Accelerator Laboratory of Atomic Energy Center, Dhaka (AECD) for the investigation of various human health related specimens. In the present study PIGE analytical technique has been used for the determination of numerous trace elements in some commonly used fish samples which were collected from Islampur area at Savar. During the experimental work the γrays emitted from the prepared fish samples were measured using a Highpurity Germenium (HPGe) detector. The detected 18 elements were Iron, Calcium, Sodium, Magnesium, Aluminum, Potassium, Vanadium, Chromium, Manganese, Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Bromine, Rubidium, Strontium, Cadmium, Iodine, Lead etc. The objective of this study was to measure the concentrations of these trace elements in the collected fish samples and to investigate whether their concentrations are harmful for human health by comparison with limits set by WHO/FAO. The results obtained indicate that Fe, K and Ca concentrations were relatively high in all samples as compared with the other elements. The measured elemental concentration of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr and V in all fish samples were found to be above the WHO/FAO recommended limits

Reply to : Proofreading deficiency in mitochondrial DNA polymerase does not affect total dNTP pools in mouse embryos

Non peer reviewe

Study of Elemental Profile of Some Medicinal Plants of Bangladesh

Abstract Essential and trace elements in medicinal plants of saver near the Dhaka city in Bangladesh have been measured using particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique. The sample were dried, pressed to make pellet and then bombarded with accelerator proton at 3 MV Van de Graff Accelerator laboratory of Atomic Energy Centre, Dhaka, (AECD). The X-ray emitted in the irradiation were measured by Lithium Drifted Silicon Detector Si (Li). The scattering chamber with associated all other circuitry and software MAESTRO-32 has been used for data acquisition and the collected data has been analyzed using GUPIX software. A number of major and trace elements were found to be in varying concentrations in the investigated medicinal plants. The contents of K and Ca are being notably large in medicinal plants samples. No toxic elements were detected in the investigated samples

Protective Equipments of a Substation and Power Factor Improvement

EEE/201

Enhanced drug delivery and wound healing potential of berberine-loaded chitosan–alginate nanocomposite gel: characterization and in vivo assessment

Berberine–encapsulated polyelectrolyte nanocomposite (BR–PolyET–NC) gel was developed as a long-acting improved wound healing therapy. BR–PolyET–NC was developed using an ionic gelation/complexation method and thereafter loaded into Carbopol gel. Formulation was optimized using Design-Expert® software implementing a three-level, three-factor Box Behnken design (BBD). The concentrations of polymers, namely, chitosan and alginate, and calcium chloride were investigated based on particle size and %EE. Moreover, formulation characterized in vitro for biopharmaceutical performances and their wound healing potency was evaluated in vivo in adult BALB/c mice. The particle distribution analysis showed a nanocomposite size of 71 ± 3.5 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.45, ζ–potential of +22 mV, BR entrapment of 91 ± 1.6%, and loading efficiency of 12.5 ± 0.91%. Percentage drug release was recorded as 89.50 ± 6.9% with pH 6.8, thereby simulating the wound microenvironment. The in vitro investigation of the nanocomposite gel revealed uniform consistency, well spreadability, and extrudability, which are ideal for topical wound use. The analytical estimation executed using FT-IR, DSC, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated successful formulation with no drug excipients and without the amorphous state. The colony count of microbes was greatly reduced in the BR–PolyET–NC treated group on the 15th day from up to 6 CFU compared to 20 CFU observed in the BR gel treated group. The numbers of monocytes and lymphocytes counts were significantly reduced following healing progression, which reached to a peak level and vanished on the 15th day. The observed experimental characterization and in vivo study indicated the effectiveness of the developed BR–PolyET–NC gel toward wound closure and healing process, and it was found that >99% of the wound closed by 15th day, stimulated via various anti-inflammatory and angiogenic factors

Global burden of chronic respiratory diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: an update from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Updated data on chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are vital in their prevention, control, and treatment in the path to achieving the third UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a one-third reduction in premature mortality from non-communicable diseases by 2030. We provided global, regional, and national estimates of the burden of CRDs and their attributable risks from 1990 to 2019. Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we estimated mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), prevalence, and incidence of CRDs, i.e. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumoconiosis, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis, and other CRDs, from 1990 to 2019 by sex, age, region, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) in 204 countries and territories. Deaths and DALYs from CRDs attributable to each risk factor were estimated according to relative risks, risk exposure, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level input. Findings: In 2019, CRDs were the third leading cause of death responsible for 4.0 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 3.6–4.3) with a prevalence of 454.6 million cases (417.4–499.1) globally. While the total deaths and prevalence of CRDs have increased by 28.5% and 39.8%, the age-standardised rates have dropped by 41.7% and 16.9% from 1990 to 2019, respectively. COPD, with 212.3 million (200.4–225.1) prevalent cases, was the primary cause of deaths from CRDs, accounting for 3.3 million (2.9–3.6) deaths. With 262.4 million (224.1–309.5) prevalent cases, asthma had the highest prevalence among CRDs. The age-standardised rates of all burden measures of COPD, asthma, and pneumoconiosis have reduced globally from 1990 to 2019. Nevertheless, the age-standardised rates of incidence and prevalence of interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis have increased throughout this period. Low- and low-middle SDI countries had the highest age-standardised death and DALYs rates while the high SDI quintile had the highest prevalence rate of CRDs. The highest deaths and DALYs from CRDs were attributed to smoking globally, followed by air pollution and occupational risks. Non-optimal temperature and high body-mass index were additional risk factors for COPD and asthma, respectively. Interpretation: Albeit the age-standardised prevalence, death, and DALYs rates of CRDs have decreased, they still cause a substantial burden and deaths worldwide. The high death and DALYs rates in low and low-middle SDI countries highlights the urgent need for improved preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic measures. Global strategies for tobacco control, enhancing air quality, reducing occupational hazards, and fostering clean cooking fuels are crucial steps in reducing the burden of CRDs, especially in low- and lower-middle income countries

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe